Cradles of the first stars: self-shielding, halo masses, and multiplicity

Abstract

The formation of Population III (Pop III) stars is a critical step in the evolution of the early universe. To understand how these stars affected their metal-enriched descendants, the details of how, why and where Pop III formation takes place needs to be determined. One of the processes that is assumed to greatly affect the formation of Pop III stars is the presence of a Lyman-Werner (LW) radiation background, that destroys H${}_2$, a necessary coolant in the creation of Pop III stars. Self-shielding can alleviate the effect the LW background has on the H${}_2$ within haloes. In this work, we perform a cosmological simulation to study the birthplaces of Pop III stars, using the adaptive mesh refinement code Enzo. We investigate the distribution of host halo masses and its relationship to the LW background intensity. Compared to previous work, haloes form Pop III stars at much lower masses, up to a factor of a few, due to the inclusion of H${}_2$ self-shielding. We see no relationship between the LW intensity and host halo mass. Most haloes form multiple Pop III stars, with a median number of four, up to a maximum of 16, at the instance of Pop III formation. Our results suggest that Pop III star formation may be less affected by LW radiation feedback than previously thought and that Pop III multiple systems are common.

arXiv commentAccepted in MNRAS

References in corpus (77)

• Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters
• How Massive Single Stars End their Life
• Ellipsoidal collapse and an improved model for the number and spatial distribution of dark matter haloes
• The Nucleosynthetic Signature of Population III
• The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal Halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores
• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data
• The Formation of the First Stars. I. The Primordial Star Forming Cloud
• On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations
• How small were the first cosmological objects?
• Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics
• Multi-scale initial conditions for cosmological simulations
• Structure of Stationary Photodissociation Fronts
• Nucleosynthesis Yields of Core-Collapse Supernovae and Hypernovae, and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Simulations of Early Structure Formation: Primordial Gas Clouds
• The transition from Population III to normal galaxies: Ly-a and HeII 1640 emission and the ionising properties of high redshift starburst galaxies
• Modelling Primordial Gas in Numerical Cosmology
• Simulations on a Moving Mesh: The Clustered Formation of Population III Protostars
• The Formation and Fragmentation of Disks around Primordial Protostars
• Protostellar Feedback Halts the Growth of the First Stars in the Universe
• Simulations of Pregalactic Structure Formation with Radiative Feedback
• The Formation of Population III Binaries from Cosmological Initial Conditions
• Primordial Star Formation under the Influence of Far Ultraviolet Radiation: 1540 Cosmological Halos and the Stellar Mass Distribution
• The Mass Spectrum of the First Stars
• Fragmentation of star-forming clouds enriched with the first dust
• Ionizing Photon Escape Fractions from High Redshift Dwarf Galaxies
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars
• The Structure and Evolution of Early Cosmological HII Regions
• Building up the Population III initial mass function from cosmological initial conditions
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Multi-Species Chemistry and Nonequilibrium Ionization and Cooling
• The First Galaxies: Chemical Enrichment, Mixing, and Star Formation
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, I: The effect of formation redshift and environment on protostellar accretion rate
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Photodissociation of H2 in Protogalaxies: Modeling Self-Shielding in 3D Simulations
• Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
• Formation of Massive Primordial Stars: Intermittent UV Feedback with Episodic Mass Accretion
• Chemical Evolution in Hierarchical Models of Cosmic Structure II: The Formation of the Milky Way Stellar Halo and the Distribution of the Oldest Stars
• Enzo+Moray: Radiation Hydrodynamics Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations with Adaptive Ray Tracing
• Feedback from Galaxy Formation: Production and Photodissociation of Primordial Molecular Hydrogen
• The Birth of a Galaxy. II. The Role of Radiation Pressure
• Suppression of H_2 Cooling in the Ultraviolet Background
• The Formation Rates of Population III Stars and Chemical Enrichment of Halos during the Reionization Era
• The Delay of Population III Star Formation by Supersonic Streaming Velocities
• Gravitational Waves from the Remnants of the First Stars
• The First Population II Stars Formed in Externally Enriched Mini-halos
• Adaptive Ray Tracing for Radiative Transfer around Point Sources
• Suppression and Spatial Variation of Early Galaxies and Minihalos
• Supersonic Gas Streams Enhance the Formation of Massive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Low-Metallicity Star Formation : Prestellar Collapse and Protostellar Accretion in the Spherical Symmetry
• Simulations of Early Baryonic Structure Formation with Stream Velocity: II. The Gas Fraction
• Radiative Feedback from high mass X-ray binaries on the formation of the first galaxies and early reionization
• Formation and survival of Population III stellar systems
• Metal-Free Gas Supply at the Edge of Reionization: Late-Epoch Population III Star Formation
• The Influence of Streaming Velocities on the Formation of the First Stars
• Simulations of Early Baryonic Structure Formation with Stream Velocity: I. Halo Abundance
• The mass of first stars
• The formation of the first cosmic structures and the physics of the z~20 Universe
• Fossils of Reionization in the Local Group
• On the photodissociation of H2 by the first stars
• Population III Stars and Remnants in High Redshift Galaxies
• Recovery from population III supernova explosions and the onset of second generation star formation
• Legacy of star formation in the pre-reionization universe
• High-Redshift Star Formation in a Time-Dependent Lyman-Werner Background
• Evidence for an aspherical Population III supernova explosion inferred from the hyper metal-poor star HE1327-2326
• Metal-poor star formation triggered by the feedback effects from Pop III stars
• Predicting the locations of possible long-lived low-mass first stars: Importance of satellite dwarf galaxies
• H_2 Suppression with Shocking Inflows: Testing a Pathway for Supermassive Black Hole Formation
• The Persistence of Population III Star Formation
• Tracing the first stars and galaxies of the Milky Way
• How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes
• A New Statistical Model for Population III Supernova Rates: Discriminating Between $\Lambda$CDM and WDM Cosmologies
• Gravitational collapse and the thermal evolution of low-metallicity gas clouds in the early Universe
• Self-consistent semi-analytic models of the first stars
• Lyman-Werner UV Escape Fractions from Primordial Halos
• Lyman-Werner Escape Fractions from the First Galaxies
• Revisiting The First Galaxies: The effects of Population III stars on their host galaxies
• Toward $abinitio$ extremely metal poor stars

Cited by in corpus (64)

• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• Merger rate density of Population III binary black holes below, above, and in the pair-instability mass gap
• When did Population III star formation end?
• The influence of streaming velocities and Lyman-Werner radiation on the formation of the first stars
• Quantifying scatter in galaxy formation at the lowest masses
• A new channel to form IMBHs throughout cosmic time
• Going, going, gone dark: Quantifying the scatter in the faintest dwarf galaxies
• Population III Binary Black Holes: Effects of Convective Overshooting on Formation of GW190521
• R-Process elements from magnetorotational hypernovae
• The critical dark matter halo mass for Population III star formation: dependence on Lyman-Werner radiation, baryon-dark matter streaming velocity, and redshift
• Merger rate density of binary black holes through isolated Population I, II, III and extremely metal-poor binary star evolution
• Binary black hole mergers from Population III stars: uncertainties from star formation and binary star properties
• A needle in a haystack? Catching Pop III stars in the Epoch of Reionization: I. Pop III star forming environments
• Starbursts in low-mass haloes at Cosmic Dawn. I. The critical halo mass for star formation
• Gravitational wave of intermediate-mass black holes in Population III star clusters
• Unveiling the contribution of Pop III stars in primeval galaxies at redshift $\ge 6$
• LYRA III: The smallest Reionization survivors
• How much metals did the first stars provide to the ultra-faint dwarfs?
• Conditions for detecting lensed Population III galaxies in blind surveys with the James Webb Space Telescope, the Roman Space Telescope and Euclid
• Stellar winds and metal enrichment from fast-rotating Population III stars
• Machine learning detects multiplicity of the first stars in stellar archaeology data
• Constraining Dark Matter properties with the first generation of stars
• Atomic and molecular gas from the epoch of reionization down to redshift 2
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter and Pop III stars with the Global 21-cm Signal
• Population III X-ray Binaries and their Impact on the Early Universe
• Seeding the second star -- II. CEMP star formation enriched from faint supernovae
• 21cmfish: Fisher-matrix framework for fast parameter forecasts from the cosmic 21-cm signal
• A-SLOTH reveals the nature of the first stars
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• Tracing stars in Milky Way satellites with A-SLOTH
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• Globular Clusters and Streaming Velocities: Testing the new formation channel in high-resolution cosmological simulations
• External Enrichment of Minihalos by the First Supernovae
• Can Population III stars be major origins of both merging binary black holes and extremely metal poor stars?
• Euclid detectability of pair instability supernovae in binary population synthesis models consistent with merging binary black holes
• A hide-and-seek game: Looking for Population III stars during the Epoch of Reionization through the HeII$\lambda$1640 line
• Chemical Diagnostics to Unveil Environments Enriched by First Stars
• A Metal-Free Galaxy at $z=3.19$? Evidence of Late Population III Star Formation at Cosmic Noon
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• The Impact of Molecular Hydrogen Cooling on the Galaxy Formation Threshold
• Dwarf galaxy formation with and without dark matter-baryon streaming velocities
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• If dark matter is fuzzy, the first stars form in massive pancakes
• A Global Semi-Analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies Including Dark Matter Halo Merger Histories
• Classifying binary black holes from Population III stars with the Einstein Telescope: A machine-learning approach
• Aeos: Transport of Metals from Minihalos following Population III Stellar Feedback
• Reionization in the Light of Dark Stars
• A survey of extremely metal-poor gas at cosmic noon: evidence of elevated [O/Fe]
• Effects of chemically homogeneous evolution of the first stars on the 21-cm signal and reionization
• Lessons on early structure formation from a mature galaxy cluster observed at cosmic noon
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Detection for Intermediate-mass Binary Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters with TianQin
• Type Ia Supernovae from First-generation Stars
• Aeos: The Impact of Population III Initial Mass Function and Star-by-Star Models in Galaxy Simulations
• Radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of Population III star formation during the Epoch of Reionization
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
• The Baryon Budget of Galaxies across the First Billion Years
• Intermediate-mass black holes and contribution to extragalactic background light from Population III stars in Milky Way-like galaxies
• LYRA II: Cosmological dwarf galaxy formation with inhomogeneous Population III enrichment
• From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks