Structure of Stationary Photodissociation Fronts

Abstract

The structure of stationary photodissociation fronts is revisited. H_2 self- shielding is discussed, including the effects of line overlap. We find that line overlap is important for N(H_2) > 10^{20} cm^{-2}. We compute multiline UV pumping models, and compare these with simple analytic approximations for the effects of self-shielding. The overall fluorescent efficiency of the photodissociation front is obtained for different ratios of chi/n_H (where chi characterizes the intensity of the incident UV) and different dust extinction laws. The dust optical depth tau_{pdr} to the point where 50% of the H is molecular is found to be a simple function of a dimensionless quantity phi_0 depending on chi/n_H, the rate coefficient for H_2 formation on grains, and the UV dust opacity. The fluorescent efficiency of the PDR also depends primarily on phi_0 for chi<3000 and n_H<10^4 cm^{-3}; for stronger radiation fields and higher densities radiative and collisional depopulation of vibrationally-excited levels interferes with the radiative cascade. The emission spectrum from the PDR is essentially independent of the color temperature $T_{color}$ of the incident UV for T_{color}>10^4K, but shows some sensitivity to the v-J distribution of newly-formed H_2. The 1-0S(1)/2-1S(1) and 2-1S(1)/6-4Q(1) intensity ratios, the ortho/para ratio, and the rotational temperature in the $v$=1 and $v$=2 levels are computed as functions of the temperature and density, for different values of chi and n_H. We apply our models to the reflection nebula NGC 2023. We are best able to reproduce the observations with models having chi=5000, n_H=10^5 cm^{-3}.

50 pages, 24 eps figures, uses aaspp4.sty . To appear in Ap.J

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• Co-evolution of Dust and Chemistry in Galaxy Simulations with a Resolved Interstellar Medium
• The G9.62+0.19-F Hot Molecular Core - The infrared view on very young massive stars
• Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
• The co-evolution of molecular hydrogen and the grain size distribution in an isolated galaxy
• Isentropic thermal instability in atomic surface layers of photodissociation regions
• Lyman alpha emission from the first galaxies: Implications of UV backgrounds and the formation of molecules
• Sustaining star formation rates in spiral galaxies - Supernova-driven turbulent accretion disk models applied to THINGS galaxies
• The Supershell-Molecular Cloud Connection: Large-Scale Stellar Feedback and the Formation of the Molecular ISM
• Population III star formation in an X-ray background: III. Periodic radiative feedback and luminosity induced by elliptical orbits
• Study of Photon Dominated Regions in Cepheus B
• Seeding the second star -- II. CEMP star formation enriched from faint supernovae
• A high molecular fraction in a sub-damped absorber at z=0.56
• Formation Criteria and the Mass of Secondary Population III Stars
• Chemical evolution along the circumnuclear ring of M83
• A Principal Component Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission in NGC 2023
• Radiative feedback and cosmic molecular gas: numerical method
• The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
• Physical and chemical structure of the Serpens filament -- fast formation and gravity-driven accretion
• Hot Stars and Cool Clouds: The Photodissociation Region M16
• Standing in the shadow of dark gas: ALMA observations of absorption from dark CO in the molecular DNM of Chamaeleon
• The Early Stage of Molecular Cloud Formation by Compression of Two-phase Atomic Gases
• Herschel Planetary Nebula Survey (HerPlaNS) - First Detection of OH+ in Planetary Nebulae
• Absorption Line Signatures of Gas in Mini Dark Matter Halos
• Nature of shocks revealed by SOFIA OI observations in the Cepheus E protostellar outflow
• Formation Pumping of Molecular Hydrogen in Dark Clouds
• Molecular Hydrogen in Damped Ly-alpha Systems: Spatial Distribution
• Analysing the SEDs of protoplanetary disks with machine learning
• Study Turbulence and Probe Magnetic Field Using Gradients Technique: Application to HI-to-H2 Transition Regions
• The impact of ionizing radiation on the formation of a supermassive star in the early Universe
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. IV. Regulation of Galactic Star Formation Rates by Stellar Feedback
• Turbulent dissipation, CH${}^{+}$ abundance, H${}_2$ line luminosities, and polarization in the cold neutral medium
• High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Observations of the PDR Emission in the NGC2023 Reflection Nebula with SOFIA and APEX
• Water Formation During the Epoch of First Metal Enrichment
• Thermal evolution of protoplanetary disks: from $\beta$-cooling to decoupled gas and dust temperatures
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• The KOSMA-$\tau$ PDR Model -- I. Recent updates to the numerical model of photo-dissociated regions
• Modeling chemistry during star formation: Water deuteration in dynamic star-forming regions
• Analysis of the Herschel/HEXOS Spectral Survey Towards Orion South: A massive protostellar envelope with strong external irradiation
• FUV Irradiated Disk Atmospheres: Ly$\alpha$ and the Origin of Hot H${}_2$ Emission
• Emission Mechanism of "Green Fuzzies" in High-mass Star Forming Regions
• A dynamical transition from atomic to molecular intermediate-velocity clouds
• Observing the gas component of circumplanetary disks around wide-orbit planet-mass companions in the (sub)mm regime
• Do the environmental conditions affect the dust-induced fragmentation in low-metallicity clouds ?: Effect of pre-ionization and far-ultraviolet/cosmic-ray fields
• HI-to-H${}_2$ Transitions in Dust-Free Interstellar Gas
• New constraints on the nature and origin of the Leading Arm of the Magellanic Stream
• Formation and Fractionation of CO (carbon monoxide) in diffuse clouds observed at optical and radio wavelengths
• First supernovae in dwarf protogalaxies
• Atomic and molecular gas as traced by [C II] emission
• FUV Irradiation and the Heat Signature of Accretion in Protoplanetary Disk Atmospheres
• On the density regime probed by HCN emission
• Dynamical effects of the radiative stellar feedback on the H I-to-H2 transition
• Mixing and diffusion in protoplanetary disc chemistry
• Circumstellar Shells in Absorption in Type Ia Supernovae
• Interpreting molecular hydrogen and atomic oxygen line emission of T Tauri disks with photoevaporative disk-wind models
• Fluorescent H_2 Emission Lines from the Reflection Nebula NGC 7023 Observed with IGRINS
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• The Fornax 3D project: dust mix and gas properties in the center of early-type galaxy FCC 167
• The far-UV Interstellar Radiation Field in Galactic Disks: Numerical and Analytic Models
• Photoelectric charging of dust grains in the environment of Young Stellar Objects
• Excitation of Molecular Material Near the Young Stellar Object LkHalpha-234 in NGC 7129
• Regulating Star Formation in Nearby Dusty Galaxies: Low Photoelectric Efficiencies in the Most Compact Systems
• The Maximum Mass-Loss Efficiency for a Photoionization-Driven Isothermal Parker Wind
• The physical conditions within dense cold clouds in cooling flows II
• Combined model for ${}^{15}\mathrm{N}$, ${}^{13}\mathrm{C}$, and spin-state chemistry in molecular clouds
• The Photon Dominated Region in the IC 348 molecular cloud
• Atlas of Cosmic ray-induced astrochemistry
• Far and extreme UV radiation feedback in molecular clouds and its influence on the mass and size of star clusters
• Formation of Massive Star Clusters by Fast HI Gas Collision
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt relation at molecular cloud scales and beyond
• Principal Component Analysis of Molecular Clouds: Can CO reveal the dynamics?
• A snowflake's chance in heaven
• Dynamical Formation of the Dark Molecular Hydrogen Clouds around Diffuse HII Regions
• A chemical study of carbon fractionation in external galaxies
• Raman mapping of photodissociation regions
• Large prebiotic molecules in space: photo-physics of acetic acid and its isomers
• Dust Survival in Galactic Winds
• Circumplanetary disk ices. I. Ice formation vs. viscous evolution and grain drift
• Sensitivity of gas-grain chemical models to surface reaction barriers: Effect from a key carbon-insertion reaction, C + H${}_2$ $\to$ CH${}_2$
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• Factories of CO-dark gas: molecular clouds with limited star formation efficiencies by FUV feedback
• The Far Ultraviolet Background
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• Infrared Dark Clouds in the Small Magellanic Cloud?
• Interstellar H2 toward HD 37903
• Galaxy chemical evolution models: The role of molecular gas formation
• Effects of dust evolution on the abundances of CO and H${}_2$
• Evolution of PAHs in protoplanetary disks
• Formation Pumping of Molecular Hydrogen in the Messier 17 Photodissociation Region
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation
• Massive young stellar objects in the N66/NGC346 region of the SMC
• Molecular and Atomic Excitation Stratification in the Outflow of the Planetary Nebula M27
• Estimation of physical conditions in the cold phase of the ISM in the sub-DLA system at z = 2.06 in the spectrum of the quasar J2123-0050
• Nitrogen Fractionation in External Galaxies
• The hydrodynamical models of the cometary compact H II region
• Highly Excited H2 in Herbig-Haro 7: Formation Pumping in Shocked Molecular Gas?
• Towards detecting methanol emission in low-mass protoplanetary discs with ALMA: The role of non-LTE excitation
• Towards the impact of GMC collisions on the star formation rate
• Detection of Knots and Jets in IRAS 06061+2151
• The filamentary structures in the CO emission toward the Milky Way disk
• Disk fragmentation and intermittent accretion onto supermassive stars
• Signatures of Hot Molecular Hydrogen Absorption from Protoplanetary Disks: I. Non-thermal Populations
• A fast tree-based method for estimating column densities in Adaptive Mesh Refinement codes Influence of UV radiation field on the structure of molecular clouds
• Formation and Radiative Feedback of First Objects and First Galaxies
• OH in the diffuse interstellar medium: physical modelling and prospects with upcoming SKA precursor/pathfinder surveys
• Giant Molecular Cloud Formation at the Interface of Colliding Supershells in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Chempl: a playable package for modeling interstellar chemistry
• Photodissociation in proto-planetary nebulae. Hydrodynamical simulations and solutions for low-velocity multi-lobes
• Simulating the impact of the Smith Cloud
• Photoevaporation of the Jovian circumplanetary disk I. Explaining the orbit of Callisto and the lack of outer regular satellites
• The first molecules in the intergalactic medium and halos of the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn
• Leaving the dark ages with AMIGA
• Chemical evolution of galaxies: emerging dust and the different gas phases in a new multiphase code
• Molecular hydrogen in Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Interstellar absorptions towards the LMC: Small-scale density variations in Milky Way disc gas
• Induced metal-free star formation around a massive black hole seed
• H 21cm emission as a tracer of gas during the evolution from protoplanetary to debris disks
• Multiwavelength investigation of a near-solar metallicity sub-DLA at z =1.3647 towards PKS 0237-233
• A PDR model for the FIR mid-$J$ CO ladder with universal rotational temperature in star forming region
• Fragmentation of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• Molecular outflows in starburst nuclei
• Chemical modeling of internal photon-dominated regions surrounding deeply embedded HC/UCHII regions
• Implementing Dust Shielding as a Criteria for Star Formation
• Simulation of CH${}_3$OH ice UV photolysis under laboratory conditions
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• An uncertainty principle for star formation -- V. The influence of dust extinction on star formation rate tracer lifetimes and the inferred molecular cloud lifecycle
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• VLT/NACO near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy of N88A in the SMC
• Properties of the Molecular Clouds in NGC 205
• Modelling thermochemical processes in protoplanetary disks I: numerical methods
• The relation between mid-plane pressure and molecular hydrogen in galaxies: Environmental dependence
• A comparison of ${\text{H}}_2$ formation models at high redshift
• Effects of dust grain size distribution on the abundances of CO and H${}_2$ in galaxy evolution
• H2 ro-vibrational excitation in protoplanetary disks and its effects on the chemistry
• Testing the Potential for Radio Variability in Disks around T Tauri Stars with Observations and Chemical Modeling
• The role of external FUV irradiation in the survival of astrophysical ices in Elias 29
• Mapping Synthetic Observations to Prestellar Core Models: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach
• The impact of cosmic ray heating on the cooling of the low-metallicity interstellar medium
• High Resolution Observations of HI in the IC 63 Reflection Nebula
• Fate of clumps in damped Ly$\alpha$ systems
• Chemical evolution during the formation of molecular clouds
• Predicting HCN, HCO + , multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies: Constraining the properties of resolved gas and dust disks of local spiral galaxies
• Physical conditions in two high-redshift H${}_2$-bearing GRB-DLAs, 120815A and 121024A
• Intertwined Formation of ${\mathrm{H}}_2$, Dust, and Stars in Cosmological Simulations
• M1-78: a nitrogen-rich Galactic compact HII region beyond the Perseus arm
• Photoevaporation Can Reproduce Extended ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ Emission from Protoplanetary Disks Imaged by JWST MIRI
• Dust properties of the dark cloud IC5146 - Submillimeter and NIR imaging
• The effect of metallicity on the abundances of molecules in protoplanetary disks
• Spectroscopic [CI] mapping of the infrared dark cloud G48.65-0.29
• Effects of External Radiation Fields on Line Emission - Application to Star-forming Regions
• Understanding the physics of the X-factor
• Collapse of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• Time-dependent models of dense PDRs with complex molecules
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Instabilities in Cosmological and Galactic Ionization Fronts
• A Constraint on the Amount of Hydrogen from the CO Chemistry in Debris Disks
• Linking ice and gas in the Coronet cluster in Corona Australis
• Chemistry and ro-vibrational excitation of HeH${}^{+}$ in the Planetary Nebula NGC 7027
• Excitation of Unidentified Infrared Bands by H atom impact
• Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Passage of a Gamma-Ray Burst Through a Molecular Cloud: Cloud Ionization Structure
• Observations and modeling of H_2 fluorescence with partial frequency redistribution in giant planet atmospheres
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Impact of ice growth on the physical and chemical properties of dense cloud cores
• Radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of Population III star formation during the Epoch of Reionization
• Shocked, Heated, and Now Resolved: H${}_2$ excitation in the low-luminosity AGN at M58 core with JWST
• Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter
• CHESS: an Innovative Concept for High-Resolution, Far-UV Spectroscopy
• Line Profile studies of Hydrodynamical Models of Cometary Compact H II Regions
• AstroSat/UVIT Study of the Diffuse Ultraviolet Radiation in the Dwarf Galaxy Holmberg II
• On the Habitability of Our Universe
• Hunting for the signatures of molecular cloud formation
• On the band-to-continuum intensity ratio in the infrared spectra of interstellar carbonaceous dust
• Extended atomic carbon around molecular clouds
• Neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark matter, and supermassive black hole formation explained with Majorons
• The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic picture of the Missing Baryons in the Local Group
• Stimulated Radiative Molecular Association in the Early Solar System: Orbital Radii of Satellites of Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune, and Saturn
• Dust and gas modelling in radiative transfer simulations of disc-dominated galaxies with RADMC-3D
• Collapse of the Primordial Gas Clouds in the Presence of UV Radiation Field
• Survival of Primordial Planetary Atmospheres: Mass Loss from Temperate Terrestrial Planets
• Influence of radiative pumping on the HD rotational level populations in diffuse molecular clouds of the interstellar medium
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks by Far-UV photons arising from neighbouring massive stars: observation of proplyds and modelling
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• HI and H${}_2$ gas evolution over cosmic times: ColdSIM
• A new view on the ISM of galaxies: far-infrared and submillimetre spectroscopy with Herschel
• Chemical Evolution of Turbulent Multiphase Molecular Clouds