Chemical evolution of turbulent protoplanetary disks and the Solar nebula

Abstract

This is the second paper in a series where we study the influence of transport processes on the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks. Our analysis is based on a flared alpha-model of the DM Tau system, coupled to a large gas-grain chemical network. To account for production of complex molecules, the chemical network is supplied with an extended set of surface reactions and photo-processes in ice mantles. Our disk model covers a wide range of radii, 10-800 AU (from a Jovian planet-forming zone to the outer disk edge). Turbulent transport of gases and ices is implicitly modeled in full 2D along with the time-dependent chemistry. Two regimes are considered, with high and low efficiency of turbulent mixing. The results of the chemical model with suppressed turbulent diffusion are close to those from the laminar model, but not completely. A simple analysis for the laminar chemical model to highlight potential sensitivity of a molecule to transport processes is performed. It is shown that the higher the ratio of the characteristic chemical timescale to the turbulent transport timescale for a given molecule, the higher the probability that its column density will be affected by diffusion. We find that turbulent transport enhances abundances and column densities of many gas-phase species and ices, particularly, complex ones. For such species a chemical steady-state is not reached due to long timescales associated with evaporation and surface photoprocessing and recombination. In contrast, simple radicals and molecular ions, which chemical evolution is fast and proceeds solely in the gas phase, are not much affected by dynamics. All molecules are divided into three groups according to the sensitivity of their column densities to the turbulent diffusion. [Abridged]

42 pages, 13 figures, 16 tables, accepted for publication in ApJSS

References in corpus (33)

• Complex Chemistry in Star-Forming Regions: An Expanded Gas-Grain Warm-up Chemical Model
• Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• A dual-frequency sub-arcsecond study of proto-planetary disks at mm wavelengths: First evidence for radial variations of the dust properties
• Polycylcic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH's) in dense cloud chemistry
• The c2d Spitzer spectroscopic survey of ices around low-mass young stellar objects II: CO2
• Spectro-astrometric imaging of molecular gas within protoplanetary disk gaps
• H2O and OH gas in the terrestrial planet-forming zones of protoplanetary disks
• Photoprocesses in protoplanetary disks
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• A Spitzer Survey of Mid-Infrared Molecular Emission from Protoplanetary Disks II: Correlations and LTE Models
• Photodesorption of water ice: a molecular dynamics study
• The effect of uncertainties on chemical models of dark clouds
• Resolving the chemistry in the disk of TW Hydrae I. Deuterated species
• Formation of Water in the Warm Atmospheres of Protoplanetary Disks
• Two-Dimensional Transport of Solids in Viscous Protoplanetary Disks
• Formation of simple organic molecules in inner T Tauri disks
• Cold CO in circumstellar disks: On the effects of photodesorption and vertical mixing
• Gas-phase CO in protoplanetary disks: a challenge for turbulent mixing
• Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: A Sensitivity Analysis
• Heating and Cooling Protostellar Disks
• On the Ortho:Para Ratio of H3+ in Diffuse Molecular Clouds
• Chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks - the effects of viscous accretion, turbulent mixing and disk winds
• Sensitivity analyses of dense cloud chemical models
• Atomic Diagnostics of X-ray Irradiated Protoplanetary Disks
• Turbulence driven diffusion in protoplanetary disks - chemical effects in the outer disk
• Kinetic Monte Carlo Studies of Hydrogen Abstraction from Graphite
• HCN and HNC mapping of the protostellar core Cha-MMS1
• On the ionisation fraction in protoplanetary disks III. The effect of X-ray flares on gas-phase chemistry
• Effects of accretion flow on the chemical structure in the inner regions of protoplanetary disks
• Chemistry in Disks. II. -- Poor molecular content of the AB Aur disk
• The Spitzer c2d Survey of Nearby Dense Cores XI : Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of CB130
• Continuum and line modeling of disks around young stars II. Line diagnostics for GASPS from the DENT grid

Cited by in corpus (118)

• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. I. Disk shape, dust settling, opacities, and PAHs
• Weak Turbulence in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA CO Observations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• Equilibrium chemistry down to 100 K - Impact of silicates and phyllosilicates on carbon/oxygen ratio
• The cometary composition of a protoplanetary disk as revealed by complex cyanides
• Complex organic molecules in protoplanetary disks
• Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems
• Survival of molecular gas in cavities of transition disks (I. CO)
• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk
• Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
• Constraining the X-ray and Cosmic Ray Ionization Chemistry of the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk: Evidence for a Sub-interstellar Cosmic Ray Rate
• Hydrocarbon emission rings in protoplanetary disks induced by dust evolution
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• Chemical evolution in the early phases of massive star formation. I
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
• Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
• Reprocessing of Ices in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks: Carbon and Nitrogen Chemistry
• CO destruction in protoplanetary disk midplanes: inside versus outside the CO snow surface
• Empirical constraints on turbulence in proto-planetary discs
• First Detection of the Simplest Organic Acid in a Protoplanetary Disk
• A sensitive survey for 13CO, CN, H2CO and SO in the disks of T Tauri and Herbig Ae stars
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres I: Connecting Disk Astrochemistry to the Formation of Planetary Atmospheres
• Constraining Gas-Phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• The Distribution and Excitation of CH${}_3$CN in a Solar Nebula Analog
• Exclusion of Cosmic Rays in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Chemical Gradients and Observational Signatures
• The efficiency of dust trapping in ringed proto-planetary discs
• Cometary ices in forming protoplanetary disc midplanes
• Chemo-dynamical deuterium fractionation in the early solar nebula: The origin of water on Earth and in asteroids and comets
• Water in Protoplanetary Disks: Deuteration and Turbulent Mixing
• Double DCO+ rings reveal CO ice desorption in the outer disk around IM Lup
• Protoplanetary Disk Structure With Grain Evolution: the ANDES Model
• Chemistry in disks. XI. Sulfur-bearing species as tracers of protoplanetary disk physics and chemistry: the DM Tau case
• Chemistry in Disks VIII: the CS molecule as an analytic tracer of turbulence in disks
• First detection of c-C3H2 in a circumstellar disk
• Chemistry in Disks X: The Molecular Content of Proto-planetary Disks in Taurus
• Nitrogen isotope fractionation in protoplanetary disks
• Chemistry in Disks. IX. Observations and modeling of HCO+ and DCO+ in DM Tau
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). IX. Distribution and Properties of the Large Organic Molecules HC${}_3$N, CH${}_3$CN, and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• Modelling mid-infrared molecular emission lines from T Tauri stars
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk: I. Formaldehyde and methanol
• Uncertainties in water chemistry in disks: An application to TW Hya
• The chemical composition of CO-rich comet C/2009 P1 (Garradd) at Rh = 2.4 and 2.0 AU before perihelion
• Close-in ice lines and the super-stellar C/O ratio in discs around very low-mass stars
• The diverse chemistry of protoplanetary disks as revealed by JWST
• The chemistry of disks around T Tauri and Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Upper limits on CH${}_3$OH in the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk: evidence for a low gas-phase CH${}_3$OH/H${}_2$CO ratio
• Chemical Signatures of the FU Ori Outbursts
• The composition of the protosolar disk and the formation conditions for comets
• A Surface Density Perturbation in the TW Hydrae Disk at 95 au Traced by Molecular Emission
• The Chemical Inventory of the Inner Regions of Planet-forming Disks -- The JWST/MINDS Program
• Evidence for Multiple Pathways to Deuterium Enhancements in Protoplanetary Disks
• Gas mass tracers in protoplanetary disks: CO is still the best
• A three-phase approach to grain surface chemistry in protoplanetary disks: Gas, ice surfaces and ice mantles of dust grains
• Luminosity outburst chemistry in protoplanetary discs: going beyond standard tracers
• Turbulent-diffusion Mediated CO Depletion in Weakly Turbulent Protoplanetary disks
• Candidate Water Vapor Lines to Locate the H${}_2$O Snowline through High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Observations I. The Case of a T Tauri Star
• Magnetic fields in protoplanetary disks: from MHD simulations to ALMA observations
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVI: Characterizing the impact of the molecular wind on the evolution of the HD 163296 system
• The ODYSSEUS Survey. Motivation and First Results: Accretion, Ejection, and Disk Irradiation of CVSO 109
• Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission
• Warm formaldehyde in the Oph IRS 48 transitional disk
• Chemical Feedbacks of Pebble Growth: Impacts on CO depletion and C/O ratios
• Spatially resolved HCN J=4--3 and CS J=7--6 emission from the disk around HD 142527
• Complex organic molecules along the accretion flow in isolated and externally irradiated protoplanetary disks
• Vertical gas accretion impacts the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of gas giant atmospheres
• The chemistry of planet-forming regions is not interstellar
• CO2-rich protoplanetary discs as a probe of dust radial drift & trapping
• The nitrogen carrier in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining turbulence in protoplanetary discs using the gap contrast: an application to the DSHARP sample
• Measuring elemental abundance ratios in protoplanetary disks at millimeter wavelengths
• Inferring the evolutionary stages of the internal structures of NGC 7538 S and IRS1 from chemistry
• Possible Ribose Synthesis in Carbonaceous Planetesimals
• Probing Dust Settling in Proto-planetary Disks with ALMA
• Different degrees of nitrogen and carbon depletion in the warm molecular layers of protoplanetary disks
• Mixing and diffusion in protoplanetary disc chemistry
• 3D radiative transfer of intrinsically polarized dust emission based on aligned aspherical grains
• Inside-Out Planet Formation. VII. Astrochemical Models of Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Planetary Compositions
• The chemical structure of the Class 0 protostellar envelope NGC 1333 IRAS 4A
• Sensitivity of gas-grain chemical models to surface reaction barriers: Effect from a key carbon-insertion reaction, C + H${}_2$ $\to$ CH${}_2$
• Methanol formation in TW Hya and future prospects for detecting larger complex molecules in disks with ALMA
• ALMA reveals thermal and non-thermal desorption of methanol ice in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Machine learning-accelerated chemistry modeling of protoplanetary disks
• Chemical network reduction in protoplanetary disks
• Ices in planet-forming disks: Self-consistent ice opacities in disk models
• CO isotopolog line fluxes of viscously evolving disks: cold CO conversion insufficient to explain observed low fluxes
• Towards detecting methanol emission in low-mass protoplanetary discs with ALMA: The role of non-LTE excitation
• The warm-up phase in massive star-forming cores around RCW 120
• Dust Transport in Protoplanetary Disks with Wind-driven Accretion
• Using HCO${}^{+}$ isotopologues as tracers of gas depletion in protoplanetary disk gaps
• Chemistry Along Accretion Streams in a Viscously-Evolving Protoplanetary Disk
• The HIFI spectral survey of AFGL 2591 (CHESS). III. Chemical structure of the protostellar envelope
• PRODIGE -- Planet-forming disks in Taurus with NOEMA. I. Overview and first results for 12CO, 13CO, and C18O
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT). IV. Thioformaldehyde (H${}_2$CS) in protoplanetary disks: spatial distributions and binding energies
• Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
• The role of OH in the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks II. Gas-rich environments
• Meteorites and the RNA World: Synthesis of Nucleobases in Carbonaceous Planetesimals and the Role of Initial Volatile Content
• The gas disk: Evolution and chemistry
• H2 ro-vibrational excitation in protoplanetary disks and its effects on the chemistry
• Interstellar carbonaceous dust erosion induced by X-ray irradiation of water ice in star-forming regions
• On the methanol emission detection in the TW Hya disc: the role of grain surface chemistry and non-LTE excitation
• Star formation timescale in the molecular filament WB 673
• UV-processing of icy pebbles in the outer parts of VSI-turbulent disks
• Influence of the C/O ratio on titanium and vanadium oxides in protoplanetary disks
• C/O ratios in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs with dust evolution
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Dancing on the Grain: Variety of CO and its isotopologue fluxes as a result of surface chemistry and T Tauri disk properties
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• Gas-phase and Surface Chemistry in the Massive Star-Forming Region RCW\,120
• How leaky? A large parameter study of leaky dust traps to quantify the transport of pebbles and ice in protoplanetary discs
• The effect of carbon grain destruction on the chemical structure of protoplanetary disks
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Impact of Size-dependent Grain Temperature on Gas-Grain Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks: the case of low mass star disks
• Spatial distribution of organics in the Horsehead nebula: Signposts of chemistry driven by atomic carbon