Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres I: Connecting Disk Astrochemistry to the Formation of Planetary Atmospheres

Abstract

We present a model of the early chemical composition and elemental abundances of planetary atmospheres based on the cumulative gaseous chemical species that are accreted onto planets forming by core accretion from evolving protoplanetary disks. The astrochemistry of the host disk is computed using an ionization driven, non-equilibrium chemistry network within viscously evolving disk models. We accrete gas giant planets whose orbital evolution is controlled by planet traps using the standard core accretion model and track the chemical composition of the material that is accreted onto the protoplanet. We choose a fiducial disk model and evolve planets in 3 traps - water ice line, dead zone and heat transition. For a disk with a lifetime of 4.1 Myr we produce two Hot Jupiters (M = 1.43, 2.67 M${}_{\mathrm{Jupiter}}$, r = 0.15, 0.11 AU) in the heat transition and ice line trap and one failed core (M = 0.003 M${}_{\mathrm{Jupiter}}$, r =3.7 AU) in the dead zone. These planets are found with mixing ratios for CO and H${}_2$O of $1.99\times 10^{-4}$, $5.0\times 10^{-4}$ respectively for both Hot Jupiters. Additionally for these planets we find CO${}_2$ and CH${}_4$, with mixing ratios of $1.8\times 10^{-6}\to 9.8\times 10^{-10}$ and $1.1\times 10^{-8}\to 2.3\times 10^{-10}$ respectively. These ranges correspond well with the mixing ratio ranges that have been inferred through the detection of emission spectra from Hot Jupiters by multiple authors. We compute a carbon-to-oxygen ratio of 0.227 for the ice line planet and 0.279 for the heat transition planet. These planets accreted their gas inside the ice line, hence the sub-solar C/O.

arXiv comment25 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (86)

• Dust Grain Size Distributions and Extinction in the Milky Way, LMC, and SMC
• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Astrophysics Source Code Library
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler, III: Analysis of the First 16 Months of Data
• The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
• The UMIST database for astrochemistry 2012
• Towards a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation I: a Desert in the Mass and Semi Major Axis Distributions of Extra Solar Planets
• Using FU Orionis Outbursts to Constrain Self-Regulated Protostellar Disk Models
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• The Mass Dependence Between Protoplanetary Disks and their Stellar Hosts
• Models of Giant Planet formation with migration and disc evolution
• Accretion Disks around Young Objects. I. The Detailed Vertical Structure
• A Temperature and Abundance Retrieval Method for Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems
• Accretion Disks Around Young Objects. II. Tests of Well-Mixed Models with Ism Dust
• TrES-1: The Transiting Planet of a Bright K0V Star
• A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - I. Unsaturated horseshoe drag
• Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Mass and Environment as Drivers of Galaxy Evolution II: The quenching of satellite galaxies as the origin of environmental effects
• A Precise Water Abundance Measurement for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary disks I. Hydrostatic disk structure and inner rim
• Mass Flow and Accretion through gaps in Accretion Discs
• Runaway migration and the formation of hot Jupiters
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Imaging of the CO Snow Line in a Solar Nebula Analog
• Atmospheric, Evolutionary, and Spectral Models of the Brown Dwarf Gliese 229 B
• Spectrally resolved detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD189733b with the HARPS spectrograph
• Possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet GJ 436b
• Chemical consequences of the C/O ratio on hot Jupiters: Examples from WASP-12b,CoRoT-2b, XO-1b, and HD 189733b
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• Towards Chemical Constraints on Hot Jupiter Migration
• Comparative Planetary Atmospheres: Models of TrES-1 and HD209458b
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation II: The planetary mass-radius relationship
• Combining high-dispersion spectroscopy (HDS) with high contrast imaging (HCI): Probing rocky planets around our nearest neighbors
• Rotation and winds of exoplanet HD 189733 b measured with high-dispersion transmission spectroscopy
• Critical Protoplanetary Core Masses in Protoplanetary Disks and the Formation of Short-Period Giant Planets
• HST hot-Jupiter transmission spectral survey: detection of potassium in WASP-31b along with a cloud deck and Rayleigh scattering
• Chemistry in Disks. IV. Benchmarking gas-grain chemical models with surface reactions
• A Systematic Retrieval Analysis of Secondary Eclipse Spectra II: A Uniform Analysis of Eight Planets and Their C to O Ratios
• Tracing the Ingredients for a Habitable Earth from Interstellar Space through Planet Formation
• Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation VII: Eccentricity Distribution of Gas Giants
• Spitzer observations of the Orion OB1 association: disk census in the low mass stars
• Chemical evolution of turbulent protoplanetary disks and the Solar nebula
• The atmospheric circulation of a nine-hot Jupiter sample: Probing circulation and chemistry over a wide phase space
• Optimal Estimation Retrievals of the Atmospheric Structure and Composition of HD 189733b from Secondary Eclipse Spectroscopy
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• The Effects of UV Continuum and Lyman alpha Radiation on the Chemical Equilibrium of T Tauri Disks
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• Chemical Processes in Protoplanetary Disks II. On the importance of photochemistry and X-ray ionization
• Turbulence In the Outer Regions of Protoplanetary Disks. I. Weak Accretion with No Vertical Magnetic Flux
• Thermochemistry and Photochemistry in Cooler Hydrogen Dominated Extrasolar Planets: The Case of GJ436b
• Chemistry of a protoplanetary disk with grain settling and Lyman alpha radiation
• Evidence for a Snow Line Beyond the Transitional Radius in the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk
• On the Inference of Thermal Inversions in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• Ambipolar Diffusion in the Magnetorotational Instability
• Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of the Directly Imaged Exoplanet HR 8799b
• Impacts of planet migration models on planetary populations. Effects of saturation, cooling and stellar irradiation
• Disk evolution, element abundances and cloud properties of young gas giant planets
• The Origin of Planetary System Architectures. I. Multiple Planet Traps in Gaseous Discs
• H2CO and N2H+ in Protoplanetary Disks: Evidence for a CO-ice Regulated Chemistry
• The propagation of Lyman-alpha in evolving protoplanetary disks
• Exclusion of Cosmic Rays in Protoplanetary Disks. II. Chemical Gradients and Observational Signatures
• Exploring atmospheres of hot mini-Neptunes and extrasolar giant planets orbiting different stars with application to HD 97658b, WASP-12b, CoRoT-2b, XO-1b and HD 189733b
• Planetary Populations in the Mass-Period Diagram: A Statistical Treatment of Exoplanet Formation and the Role of Planet Traps
• First Detection of Near-Infrared Line Emission from Organics in Young Circumstellar Disks
• Radiation thermo-chemical models of protoplanetary discs. IV Modelling CO ro-vibrational emission from Herbig Ae discs
• Evolutionary Tracks of Trapped, Accreting Protoplanets: the Origin of the Observed Mass-Period Relation
• The atmospheric chemistry of the warm Neptune GJ 3470b: influence of metallicity and temperature on the CH4/CO ratio
• Characterizing the mean-field dynamo in turbulent accretion disks
• Near-infrared Thermal Emission Detections of a number of hot Jupiters and the Systematics of Ground-based Near-infrared Photometry
• Transit confirmation and improved stellar and planet parameters for the super-Earth HD 97658 b and its host star
• Time evolution of snow regions and planet traps in an evolving protoplanetary disk
• The dynamical fate of planetary systems in young star clusters
• Unbiased mm-wave Line Surveys of TW Hya and V4046 Sgr: The Enhanced C2H and CN Abundances of Evolved Protoplanetary Disks
• Photoelectric cross-sections of gas and dust in protoplanetary disks
• The Growth & Migration of Jovian Planets in Evolving Protostellar Disks with Dead Zones
• GTC OSIRIS transiting exoplanet atmospheric survey: detection of potassium in HAT-P-1b from narrowband spectrophotometry
• No evidence for protoplanetary disk destruction by OB stars in the MYStIX sample
• Dead Zones as Thermal Barriers to Rapid Planetary Migration in Protoplanetary Disks
• Further constraints on the optical transmission spectrum of HAT-P-1b
• Time evolution of a viscous protoplanetary disk with a free geometry: toward a more self-consistent picture
• A SCUBA-2 850 micron Survey of Protoplanetary Discs in the IC 348 Cluster
• An Unbiased 1.3 mm Emission Line Survey of the Protoplanetary Disk Orbiting LkCa 15
• On the significance of the excess number of strong MgII absorbers observed towards Gamma-ray bursts
• Hadron collider potential for excited bosons search: A Snowmass whitepaper

Cited by in corpus (68)

• Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges and Prospects
• Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• Observing transiting planets with JWST -- Prime targets and their synthetic spectral observations
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• Molecular abundances and C/O ratios in chemically evolving planet-forming disk midplanes
• HELIOS-Retrieval: An Open-source, Nested Sampling Atmospheric Retrieval Code, Application to the HR 8799 Exoplanets and Inferred Constraints for Planet Formation
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
• Peering into the formation history of beta Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long baseline interferometry
• Where is the Water? Jupiter-like C/H ratio but strong H${}_2$O depletion found on $\tau$ Boötis b using SPIRou
• Metal enrichment leads to low atmospheric C/O ratios in transiting giant exoplanets
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• Exoplanet Clouds
• Constraining Gas-Phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Outflows and Star Formation
• Planetary population synthesis
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: A main sequence for C/O in hot-exoplanetary atmospheres
• Detecting isotopologues in exoplanet atmospheres using ground-based high-dispersion spectroscopy
• An ALMA Survey of H${}_2$CO in Protoplanetary Disks
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: Refractory carbon depletion leading to super-stellar C/O in giant planetary atmospheres
• Carbon monoxide emission lines reveal an inverted atmosphere in the ultra hot Jupiter WASP-33 b consistent with an eastward hot spot
• Diverse outcomes of planet formation and composition around low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres II: Coupled Dust and Chemical Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• An evolutionary study of volatile chemistry in protoplanetary disks
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• Excess C/H in Protoplanetary Disk Gas from Icy Pebble Drift across the CO Snowline
• On the Formation and Chemical Composition of Super Earths
• Observing Carbon & Oxygen Carriers in Protoplanetary Disks at Mid-infrared Wavelengths
• Evidence that the Hot Jupiter WASP-77 A b Formed Beyond Its Parent Protoplanetary Disk's H2O Ice Line
• The Influence of H2O Pressure Broadening in High Metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Cloud formation in metal-rich atmospheres of hot super-Earths like 55 Cnc e and CoRot7b
• Influence of grain growth on the thermal structure of protoplanetary discs
• The ESO SupJup Survey I: Chemical and isotopic characterisation of the late L-dwarf DENIS J0255-4700 with CRIRES${}^{+}$
• Nitrogen as a Tracer of Giant Planet Formation. I.: A Universal Deep Adiabatic Profile and Semi-analytical Predictions of Disequilibrium Ammonia Abundances in Warm Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• SimAb: A simple, fast and flexible model to assess the effects of planet formation on the atmospheric composition of gas giants
• Dependence of the onset of the runaway greenhouse effect on the latitudinal surface water distribution of Earth-like planets
• Vertical gas accretion impacts the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of gas giant atmospheres
• Formation of Planetary Populations I: Metallicity & Envelope Opacity Effects
• Chemical Evolution in a Protoplanetary Disk within Planet Carved Gaps and Dust Rings
• Entrapment of CO in CO2 ice
• Chemical evolution in ices on drifting, planet-forming pebbles
• Observability of molecular species in a nitrogen dominated atmosphere for 55 Cancri e
• Planet Mass and Metallicity: The Exoplanets and Solar System Connection
• Physics of Planet Trapping with Applications to HL Tau
• Magnetically induced termination of giant planet formation
• Electric heating and angular momentum transport in laminar models of protoplanetary disks
• Molecular tracers of planet formation in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters
• Formation of Planetary Populations II: Effects of Initial Disk Size & Radial Dust Drift
• Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps
• Planet formation in the PDS 70 system: Constraining the atmospheric chemistry of PDS 70b and c
• Inflation of Migrated Hot Jupiters
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• Chemistry Along Accretion Streams in a Viscously-Evolving Protoplanetary Disk
• Formation of Planetary Populations III: Core Composition & Atmospheric Evaporation
• Chemical evolution in planet-forming regions with growing grains
• On the methanol emission detection in the TW Hya disc: the role of grain surface chemistry and non-LTE excitation
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: C/O and N/O of warm giant planets and Jupiter-analogs
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and How to Address Them
• How disc initial conditions sculpt the atmospheric composition of giant planets
• Tracing bulk elemental ratios in exoplanetary atmospheres with TiO chemistry
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Water vapor emission at the warm cavity wall of the HD 100546 disk as revealed by ALMA
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions