Impacts of planet migration models on planetary populations. Effects of saturation, cooling and stellar irradiation

Abstract

Context: Several recent studies have found that planet migration in adiabatic discs differs significantly from migration in isothermal discs. Depending on the thermodynamic conditions, i.e., the effectiveness of radiative cooling, and the radial surface density profile, planets migrate inward or outward. Clearly, this will influence the semimajor axis - mass distribution of planets as predicted by population synthesis simulations. Aims: Our goal is to study the global effects of radiative cooling, viscous torque desaturation and gap opening as well as stellar irradiation on the tidal migration of a synthetic planet population. Methods: We combine results from several analytical studies and 3D hydrodynamic simulations in a new semi-analytical migration model for the application in our planet population synthesis calculations. Results: We find a good agreement of our model with torques obtained in a 3D radiative hydrodynamic simulations. We find three convergence zones in a typical disc, towards which planets migrate from the in- and outside, affecting strongly the migration behavior of low-mass planets. Interestingly, this leads to slow type II like migration behavior for low-mass planets captured in those zones even without an ad hoc migration rate reduction factor or a yet to be defined halting mechanism. This means that the new prescription of migration including non-isothermal effects makes the preciously widely used artificial migration rate reduction factor obsolete. Conclusions: Outward migration in parts of a disc makes some planets survive long enough to become massive. The convergence zones lead to a potentially observable accumulations of low-mass planets at certain semimajor axes. Our results indicate that further studies of the mass where the corotation torque saturates will be needed since its value has a major impact on the properties of planet populations.

18 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for A&A

References in corpus (16)

• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Formation of Hot Planets by a combination of planet scattering, tidal circularization, and Kozai mechanism
• KEPLER's First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b
• Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation V. Accumulation Near the Ice Line
• Halting Type I planet migration in non-isothermal disks
• On the corotation torque in a radiatively inefficient disk
• Cavity opening by a giant planet in a protoplanetary disc and effects on planetary migration
• Gas disks to gas giants: Simulating the birth of planetary systems
• Massive planet migration: Theoretical predictions and comparison with observations
• Deuterium Burning in Massive Giant Planets and Low-Mass Brown Dwarfs formed by Core-Nucleated Accretion
• Saturated torque formula for planetary migration in viscous disks with thermal diffusion: recipe for protoplanet population synthesis
• Growing and moving low-mass planets in non-isothermal disks
• 3D MHD Simulations of Planet Migration in Turbulent Stratified Disks
• Oligarchic planetesimal accretion and giant planet formation
• Simulating planet migration in globally evolving disks
• Core instability models of giant planet accretion II: forming planetary systems

Cited by in corpus (78)

• The imprint of exoplanet formation history on observable present-day spectra of hot Jupiters
• Planetary population synthesis coupled with atmospheric escape: a statistical view of evaporation
• Compositional imprints in density-distance-time: a rocky composition for close-in low-mass exoplanets from the location of the valley of evaporation
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. I - The Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). IV. Planetary systems around low-mass stars
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• Orbital Migration of Interacting Stellar Mass Black Holes in Disks around Supermassive Black Holes
• A water budget dichotomy of rocky protoplanets from ${}^{26}$Al-heating
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). II. Planetary population of solar-like stars and overview of statistical results
• Planetary evolution with atmospheric photoevaporation I. Analytical derivation and numerical study of the evaporation valley and transition from super-Earths to sub-Neptunes
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics of planetary luminosities
• A remnant planetary core in the hot-Neptune desert
• Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres I: Connecting Disk Astrochemistry to the Formation of Planetary Atmospheres
• Microlensing Results Challenge the Core Accretion Runaway Growth Scenario for Gas Giants
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). III. Warm super-Earths and cold Jupiters: A weak occurrence correlation, but with a strong architecture-composition link
• Formation and composition of planets around very low mass stars
• Planetary population synthesis
• Grain opacity and the bulk composition of extrasolar planets. I. Results from scaling the ISM opacity
• Orbital Migration of Interacting Stellar Mass Black Holes in Disks around Supermassive Black Holes II. Spins and Incoming Objects
• Collisions of CO${}_2$ Ice Grains in Planet Formation
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• Efficiency of thermal relaxation by radiative processes in protoplanetary discs: constraints on hydrodynamic turbulence
• RV-detected planets around M dwarfs: Challenges for core accretion models
• Suppression of type I migration by disk winds
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: Refractory carbon depletion leading to super-stellar C/O in giant planetary atmospheres
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). V. Predetermination of planet types in global core accretion models
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. II -- Population Synthesis in the Era of Kepler
• Formation of solar system analogs I: looking for initial conditions through a population synthesis analysis
• Quiescent and active galactic nuclei as factories of merging compact objects in the era of gravitational-wave astronomy
• Thermal torque effects on the migration of growing low-mass planets
• The impact of pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation on giant planet formation
• Runaway gas accretion and gap opening versus type~I migration
• On the Formation and Chemical Composition of Super Earths
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• Setting the Stage: Planet formation and Volatile Delivery
• TOI-2525 b and c: A pair of massive warm giant planets with a strong transit timing variations revealed by TESS
• The Origin of Heavy Element Content Trend in Giant Planets via Core Accretion
• Theoretical models of planetary system formation. II. Post-formation evolution
• Giant planet formation at the pressure maxima of protoplanetary disks
• Probing the impact of varied migration and gas accretion rates for the formation of giant planets in the pebble accretion scenario
• A gas density drop in the inner 6 AU of the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 139614: Further evidence for a giant planet inside the disk?
• Formation of Planetary Populations I: Metallicity & Envelope Opacity Effects
• The Effect of Protoplanetary Disk Cooling Times on the Formation of Gas Giant Planets by Gravitational Instability
• On the migration of two planets in a disc and the formation of mean motion resonances
• Trapping planets in an evolving protoplanetary disk: preferred time, locations and planet mass
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes
• Influence of migration models and thermal torque on planetary growth in the pebble accretion scenario
• Resonant sub-Neptunes are puffier
• Exoplanet Populations and their Dependence on Host Star Properties
• Physics of Planet Trapping with Applications to HL Tau
• Quantifying the Impact of the Dust Torque on the Migration of Low-mass Planets
• On the multiple generations of planetary embryos
• The interplay between pebble and planetesimal accretion in population synthesis models and its role in giant planet formation
• Formation of Planetary Populations II: Effects of Initial Disk Size & Radial Dust Drift
• Migrating Planets into Ultra-Short-Period Orbits during Episodic Accretion Events
• The role of disc torques in forming resonant planetary systems
• Multiple Populations of Extrasolar Gas Giants
• Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps
• Instabilities and Flow Structures in Protoplanetary Disks: Setting the Stage for Planetesimal Formation
• On the migration of three planets in a protoplanetary disc and the formation of chains of mean motion resonances
• Migrating Jupiter up to the habitable zone: Earth-like planet formation and water delivery
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• Magnetic Fields and Accreting Giant Planets around PDS 70
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• Characterization of seven transiting systems including four warm Jupiters from SOPHIE and TESS
• Formation of Giant Planets
• Assessing the processes behind planet engulfment and its imprints
• Photoevaporation Does Not Create a Pileup of Giant Planets at 1 AU
• Calibrated Gas Accretion and Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in 1D Disc Models
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VII. Statistical comparison with the HARPS/Coralie survey
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS) VIII. Impact of host star metallicity on planet occurrence rates, orbital periods, eccentricities, and radius valley morphology
• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, I. Modeling, evolution of individual systems, and tests
• The PAIRS project: a global formation model for planets in binaries. II. Gravitational perturbation effects from secondary stars
• Angular momentum distributions for observed and modeled exoplanetary systems
• Adapting a solid accretion scenario for migrating planets in FARGO3D
• Planetary migration in wind-fed non-stationary accretion disks in binary systems