Formation of Hot Planets by a combination of planet scattering, tidal circularization, and Kozai mechanism

Abstract

We have investigated the formation of close-in extrasolar giant planets through a coupling effect of mutual scattering, Kozai mechanism, and tidal circularization, by orbital integrations. We have carried out orbital integrations of three planets with Jupiter-mass, directly including the effect of tidal circularization. We have found that in about 30% runs close-in planets are formed, which is much higher than suggested by previous studies. We have found that Kozai mechanism by outer planets is responsible for the formation of close-in planets. During the three-planet orbital crossing, the Kozai excitation is repeated and the eccentricity is often increased secularly to values close enough to unity for tidal circularization to transform the inner planet to a close-in planet. Since a moderate eccentricity can remain for the close-in planet, this mechanism may account for the observed close-in planets with moderate eccentricities and without nearby secondary planets. Since these planets also remain a broad range of orbital inclinations (even retrograde ones), the contribution of this process would be clarified by more observations of Rossiter-McLaughlin effects for transiting planets.

arXiv comment15 pages, 16 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Revisiting the Full Sets of Orbital Parameters for the XO-3 System: No evidence for Temporal Variation of the Spin-Orbit Angle
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• Stellar Scattering and the Formation of Hot-Jupiters in Binary Systems
• Secular evolution of close in planets: the effects of general relativity
• HATS-59b,c: A Transiting Hot Jupiter and a Cold Massive Giant Planet Around a Sun-Like Star
• On the nature of the azimuthal asymmetry of protoplanetary disks observed pole-on. The case LkHa 101
• Possible Outcomes of Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration: Hot Jupiters, Close-in Super-Earths, and Counter-orbiting Planets
• TOI-2005b: An Eccentric Warm Jupiter in Spin-Orbit Alignment
• Investigating the eccentricity distribution of transiting, long-period giant planets
• Planet formation: key mechanisms and global models
• The Properties of Planetesimal Collisions under Jupiter's Perturbation and the Application to Chondrule Formation via Impact Jetting
• Induced Kozai Migration and Formation of Close-in Planets in Binaries
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Planet-planet scattering in presence of a companion star
• Asteroseismic determination of the stellar rotation period of the Kepler transiting planetary systems and its implications for the spin-orbit architecture
• Discs in misaligned binary systems
• How planet-planet scattering can create high-inclination as well as long-period orbits
• Dynamical evolution and stability maps of the Proxima Centauri system
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• New migration patterns in high planet-star mass ratio systems in disks with low viscosity
• Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars
• Production of hot Jupiter candidates from high-eccentricity mechanisms for different initial planetary mass configurations
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• A Trio of Giant Planets Orbiting Evolved Star HD 184010
• Planetary architectures under the influence of a stellar binary
• The long history of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and its recent applications
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Probabilistic eccentricity bifurcation for stars around shrinking massive black hole binaries
• A new concept for the combination of optical interferometers and high-resolution spectrographs
• A tidally detached super Neptune on a strongly misaligned retrograde orbit
• TOI-3362b: A Proto-Hot Jupiter Undergoing High-Eccentricity Tidal Migration
• Orbital alignment of HD 332231 b
• TOI-7154b: A Close-in Massive Brown Dwarf in an Eccentric Orbit
• Inflated Eccentric Migration of evolving gas giants II: Numerical methodology and basic concepts
• Planets in Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Search for Stellar Companions
• Disentangling the stellar inclination of transiting planetary systems: fully analytic approach to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect incorporating the stellar differential rotation
• The Influence of General Relativity on the Spins of Celestial Bodies in Inclined Orbits
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• Generating Stellar Obliquity in Systems with Broken Protoplanetary Disks
• AU Mic b is the Youngest Planet to have a Spin-Orbit Alignment Measurement