Origins of Eccentric Extrasolar Planets: Testing the Planet-Planet Scattering Model

Abstract

(Abridged) In planetary systems with two or more giant planets, dynamical instabilities can lead to collisions or ejections through strong planet--planet scattering. Previous studies for simple initial configurations with two equal-mass planets revealed some discrepancies between the results of numerical simulations and the observed orbital elements of extrasolar planets. Here, we show that simulations with two unequal mass planets starting on nearly circular orbits predict a reduced frequency of collisions and a broader range of final eccentricities. The two-planet scattering model can easily reproduce the observed eccentricities with a plausible distribution of planet mass ratios. Further, the two-planet scattering model predicts a maximum eccentricity of about 0.8, independent of the distribution of planet mass ratios, provided that both planets are initially place on nearly circular orbits. This compares favorably with current observations and will be tested by future planet discoveries. The combination of planet--planet scattering and tidal circularization may be able to explain the existence of some giant planets with very short period orbits. Orbital migration due to planet scattering could play an important role in explaining the increased rate of giant planets with very short period orbits. We also re-examine and discuss various possible correlations between eccentricities and other properties of observed extrasolar planets. We demonstrate that the observed distribution of planet masses, orbital periods, and eccentricities can provide constraints for models of planet formation and evolution.

44 pages, 8 figures, incl. 2 color figs., accepted to ApJ

References in corpus (26)

• Dynamical Outcomes of Planet-Planet Scattering
• Formation of Hot Planets by a combination of planet scattering, tidal circularization, and Kozai mechanism
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Prospects for the Characterization and Confirmation of Transiting Exoplanets via the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect
• Long Term Evolution of Close Planets Including the Effects of Secular Interactions
• On the evolution of eccentric and inclined protoplanets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions to Exoplanet Host Stars
• Stability Limits in Extra-solar Planetary Systems
• Close encounters in young stellar clusters: implications for planetary systems in the solar neighbourhood
• Evidence for Planet-Planet Scattering in Upsilon Andromedae
• Using Transit Timing Observations to Search for Trojans of Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Characterizing the Orbital Eccentricities of Transiting Extrasolar Planets with Photometric Observations
• High eccentricity planets from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Observational Constraints on Trojans of Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Planetary Systems in Binaries. I. Dynamical Classification
• The Formation of Ice Giants in a Packed Oligarchy: Instability and Aftermath
• A Bayesian Kepler Periodogram detects a second planet in HD 208487
• Eccentricity evolution of giant planet orbits due to circumstellar disk torques
• On the evolution of the resonant planetary system HD128311
• Impact of Stellar Dynamics on the Frequency of Giant Planets in Close Binaries
• Stability and Formation of the Resonant System HD 73526
• The N2K Consortium VI: Doppler Shifts Without Templates and Three New Short-Period Planets
• Models of the Collisional Damping Scenario for Ice Giant Planets and Kuiper Belt Formatio
• Predictions for the correlation between giant and terrestrial extrasolar planets in dynamically evolved systems
• Resonance Trapping in Protoplanetary Disks. I. Coplanar Systems
• Accretion of chemically fractionated material on a wide binary with a blue straggler

Cited by in corpus (149)

• Dynamical Outcomes of Planet-Planet Scattering
• On the tidal evolution of Hot Jupiters on inclined orbits
• Exoplanet Orbital Eccentricities Derived From LAMOST-Kepler Analysis
• The sdB+M Eclipsing System HW Virginis and its Circumbinary Planets
• HD147506b: A Super-Massive Planet in an Eccentric Orbit Transiting a Bright Star
• Hot Jupiters from Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Exoplanets from Radial Velocity Surveys
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• Challenges in Planet Formation
• Habitable Evaporated Cores: Transforming Mini-Neptunes into Super-Earths in the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs
• Dynamics of Planetary Systems in Star Clusters
• The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot Jupiters I. Measuring photometric eccentricities of individual transiting planets
• Inflating and Deflating Hot Jupiters: Coupled Tidal and Thermal Evolution of Known Transiting Planets
• Planet-planet scattering in planetesimal disks
• Detectable close-in planets around white dwarfs through late unpacking
• Dynamical evidence for an early giant planet instability
• Mean motion resonances from planet-planet scattering
• A rich population of free-floating planets in the Upper Scorpius young stellar association
• Impact of Orbital Eccentricity on the Detection of Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• Planetary and Other Short Binary Microlensing Events from the MOA Short Event Analysis
• Dynamical evolution of an eccentric planet and a less massive debris disc
• Chaotic Dynamics of Stellar Spin in Binaries and the Production of Misaligned Hot Jupiters
• Constraining Orbital Parameters Through Planetary Transit Monitoring
• Detection of a transit by the planetary companion of HD 80606
• Coupled Evolution with Tides of the Radius and Orbit of Transiting Giant Planets: General Results
• Chaotic Disintegration of the Inner Solar System
• From dense hot Jupiter to low-density Neptune: The discovery of WASP-127b, WASP-136b and WASP-138b
• Early Excitation of Spin-Orbit Misalignments in Close-in Planetary Systems
• An analysis of the CoRoT-2 system: A young spotted star and its inflated giant planet
• Long period planets from dynamical relaxation
• Spin-orbit Misalignment as a Driver of the Kepler Dichotomy
• DREAM I. Orbital architecture orrery
• A Model-Independent Mass and Moderate Eccentricity for $\beta$ Pic b
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Presence of Migrating Super-earths
• A Tale of Planet Formation: From Dust to Planets
• Architectures of Planetary Systems and Implications for their Formation
• WASP-186 and WASP-187: two hot Jupiters discovered by SuperWASP and SOPHIE with additional observations by TESS
• Evolution of angular-momentum-losing exoplanetary systems : Revisiting Darwin stability
• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. VIII. KOI-205 b: a brown-dwarf companion to a K-type dwarf
• 1I/`Oumuamua as a Tidal Disruption Fragment From a Binary Star System
• Newly-Discovered Planets Orbiting HD~5319, HD~11506, HD~75784 and HD~10442 from the N2K Consortium
• Spin-Orbit angle distribution and the origin of (mis)aligned hot Jupiters
• Extrasolar Binary Planets I: Formation by tidal capture during planet-planet scattering
• Stellar Spin-Orbit Alignment for Kepler-9, a Multi-transiting Planetary system with Two Outer Planets Near 2:1 Resonance
• The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot Jupiters II. KOI-1474.01, a candidate eccentric planet perturbed by an unseen companion
• Inner mean-motion resonances with eccentric planets: A possible origin for exozodiacal dust clouds
• Exploring the formation by core accretion and the luminosity evolution of directly imaged planets: The case of HIP 65426 b
• A Lucky Imaging search for stellar companions to transiting planet host stars
• Mapping the exo-Neptunian landscape. A ridge between the desert and savanna
• The 3-dimensional architecture of the Upsilon Andromedae planetary system
• BAFFLES: Bayesian Ages for Field Lower-Mass Stars
• Populating the brown dwarf and stellar boundary: Five stars with transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit
• The Fate of Scattered Planets
• Transit Timing Variations for Inclined and Retrograde Exoplanetary Systems
• The Dynamical Fate of Self-Gravitating Disc Fragments After Tidal Downsizing
• CO or no CO? Narrowing the CO abundance constraint and recovering the H2O detection in the atmosphere of WASP-127 b using SPIRou
• The Magellan PFS Planet Search Program: Radial Velocity and Stellar Abundance Analyses of the 360 AU, Metal-Poor Binary "Twins" HD 133131A & B
• TOI-3714 b and TOI-3629 b: Two gas giants transiting M dwarfs confirmed with HPF and NEID
• Homogeneous search for helium in the atmosphere of 11 gas giant exoplanets with SPIRou
• Giants are bullies: how their growth influences systems of inner sub-Neptunes and super-Earths
• Hot Jupiters driven by high-eccentricity migration in globular clusters
• Misaligned accretion disc formation via Kozai-Lidov oscillations
• Truly eccentric. I. Revisiting eight single-eccentric planetary systems
• Migration of Jupiter mass planets in low viscosity discs
• The Aligned Orbit of the Eccentric Warm Jupiter K2-232b
• The gravitational interaction between planets on inclined orbits and protoplanetary disks as the origin of primordial spin--orbit misalignments
• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets III: The formation of WASP-77A b and $\tau$ Boötis b
• Innocent Bystanders: Orbital Dynamics of Exomoons during Planet-Planet Scattering
• Secular Evolution of HD 12661: A System Caught at an Unlikely Time
• Exploring the Brown Dwarf Desert: New Substellar Companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
• Precise masses for the transiting planetary system HD 106315 with HARPS
• TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge
• Highly inclined and eccentric massive planets. II. Planet-planet interactions during the disc phase
• The Masses of a Sample of Radial-Velocity Exoplanets with Astrometric Measurements
• Stellar Oblateness versus Distant Giants in Exciting Kepler Planet Mutual Inclinations
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• On the formation of hot and warm Jupiters via secular high-eccentricity migration in stellar triples
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). II. Refined System Parameters and Transit Timing Analysis of HAT-P-33b
• Are WASP-107-like Systems Consistent with High-eccentricity Migration?
• Planetary Spin and Obliquity from Mergers
• TRACE: a code for Time-Reversible Astrophysical Close Encounters
• Planets larger than Neptune have elevated eccentricities
• BOWIE-ALIGN: JWST reveals hints of planetesimal accretion and complex sulphur chemistry in the atmosphere of the misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-15b
• JWST-TST High Contrast: Living on the Wedge, or, NIRCam Bar Coronagraphy Reveals CO${}_2$ in the HR 8799 and 51 Eri Exoplanets' Atmospheres
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• Dynamical Simulations of the Planetary System HD69830
• Resonance Trapping in Protoplanetary Disks. I. Coplanar Systems
• In the Presence of a Wrecking Ball: Orbital Stability in the HR 5183 System
• Kepler-1656b's Extreme Eccentricity: Signature of a Gentle Giant
• Asteroid impacts on terrestrial planets: The effects of super-Earths and the role of the ${\nu }_6$ resonance
• A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
• Updated Catalog of Kepler Planet Candidates: Focus on Accuracy and Orbital Periods
• Statistical Analysis of the Dearth of Super-eccentric Jupiters in the Kepler Sample
• The TESS-Keck Survey. VI. Two Eccentric sub-Neptunes Orbiting HIP-97166
• Inflated Eccentric Migration of Evolving Gas-Giants I: Accelerated Formation and Destruction of Hot and Warm Jupiters
• Outcomes of Grazing Impacts Between Sub-Neptunes in Kepler Multis
• The Spin-Orbit Alignment of 8 Warm Gas Giant Systems
• The peculiar chemical pattern of the WASP-160 binary system: signatures of planetary formation and evolution?
• Dynamics and Collisional Evolution of Closely Packed Planetary Systems
• The scattering outcomes of Kepler circumbinary planets: planet mass ratio
• Orbital Eccentricity -- Multiplicity Correlation for Planetary Systems and Comparison to the Solar System
• Unraveling the evolution of hot Jupiter systems under the effect of tidal and magnetic interactions and mass loss
• Combined Effects of Disk Winds and Turbulence-Driven Accretion on Planet Populations
• The Dynamic Proto-atmospheres around Low-Mass Planets with Eccentric Orbits
• Planetary Orbit Eccentricity Trends (POET). I. The Eccentricity-Metallicity Trend for Small Planets Revealed by the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Sample
• The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
• Density waves in protoplanetary discs excited by eccentric planets: linear theory
• Resilient habitability of nearby exoplanet systems
• On the origin of the eccentricity dichotomy displayed by compact super-Earths: dynamical heating by cold giants
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Multi-band characterization of the hot Jupiters: WASP-5b, WASP-44b and WASP-46b
• HD 83443c: A highly eccentric giant planet on a 22-year orbit
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• The Aligned Orbit of a Hot Jupiter around the M Dwarf TOI-4201
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-Mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• Revised Properties and Dynamical History for the HD 17156 System
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VII. Statistical comparison with the HARPS/Coralie survey
• Gemini-GRACES high-quality spectra of Kepler evolved stars with transiting planets I. Detailed characterization of multi-planet systems Kepler-278 and Kepler-391
• Investigating the eccentricity distribution of transiting, long-period giant planets
• Forming rocky exoplanets around K-dwarf stars
• Pushing the limits of eccentricity in planet-disc interactions
• Mutual Occurrence Ratio of Planets. I. New Clues to Reveal Origins of Hot- and Warm-Jupiter from the RV Sample
• Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae -- II. Analytic expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LIX. A characterisation study of the $\sim$300 Myr old multi-planetary system orbiting the star BD+40 2790 (TOI-2076)
• The Neptunian ridge as a natural outcome of high-eccentricity tidal migration
• New migration patterns in high planet-star mass ratio systems in disks with low viscosity
• A high stellar multiplicity rate amongst TESS planet candidates in the Neptunian desert using Gaia DR3 astrometry
• Planetary Edge Trends (PET). I. The Inner Edge-Stellar Mass Correlation
• Production of hot Jupiter candidates from high-eccentricity mechanisms for different initial planetary mass configurations
• TOI-1743 b, TOI-5799 b, TOI-5799 c and TOI-6223 b: TESS discovery and validation of four super-Earth to Neptune-sized planets around M dwarfs
• A Trio of Giant Planets Orbiting Evolved Star HD 184010
• Microglitches in radio pulsars: the role of strange nuggets
• Transit Duration and Timing Variations from Binary Planets
• Takeout and Delivery: Erasing the Dusty Signature of Late-stage Terrestrial Planet Formation
• Configuration of Single Giant Planet Systems Generating `Oumuamua-Like Interstellar Asteroids
• Effective two-body scatterings around a massive object
• Eccentric debris belts reveal the dynamical history of the companion exoplanet
• Companions to Kepler giant stars: A long-period eccentric substellar companion to KIC 3526061 and a stellar companion to HD 187878
• Uncovering the Rapidly Evolving Orbits of the Dynamic TOI-201 System
• Super-earths and mini-neptunes follow different orbital period-eccentricity relations
• Setting the Stage: The Early History of the Solar System
• Upside down: GJ3090 b the first retrograde exoplanet around an M dwarf detected with NIRPS
• 14 Her: a likely case of planet-planet scattering
• Life in the dark: Potential urability of moons of rogue planets
• Generating Stellar Obliquity in Systems with Broken Protoplanetary Disks
• The Influence of General Relativity on the Spins of Celestial Bodies in Inclined Orbits