The Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Effect and Its Applications

Abstract

The hierarchical triple body approximation has useful applications to a variety of systems from planetary and stellar scales to supermassive black holes. In this approximation, the energy of each orbit is separately conserved and therefore the two semi-major axes are constants. On timescales much larger than the orbital periods, the orbits exchange angular momentum which leads to eccentricity and orientation (i.e., inclination) oscillations. The orbits' eccentricity can reach extreme values leading to a nearly radial motion, which can further evolve into short orbit periods and merging binaries. Furthermore, the orbits' mutual inclination may change dramatically from pure prograde to pure retrograde leading to misalignment and a wide range of inclinations. This dynamical behavior is coined as the "eccentric Kozai-Lidov" mechanism. The behavior of such a system is exciting, rich and chaotic in nature. Furthermore, these dynamics are accessible from a large part of the triple body parameter space and can be applied to diverse range of astrophysical settings and used to gain insights to many puzzles.

60 pages 25 figures, to appear in Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, comments welcome

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• The PFS view of TOI-677 b: A spin-orbit aligned warm Jupiter in a dynamically hot system
• Evaluating the Merger Rate of Binary Black Holes from Direct Captures and Third-Body Soft Interactions Using the Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Orbital dynamics in the GG Tau A system: investigating its enigmatic disc
• A new insight into the Galactic potential: A simple secular model for the evolution of binary systems in the solar neighbourhood
• Ring dynamics around an oblate body with an inclined satellite: The case of Haumea
• Orbital Eccentricity and Spin-Orbit Misalignment Are Evidence that Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers Form through Triple Star Evolution
• A brief overview of planet formation
• Intermediate mass black holes' effect on compact object binaries
• The binary and the disk: the beauty is found within NGC3132 with JWST
• Dynamics of supermassive black hole triples in the ROMULUS25 cosmological simulation
• Gravitational-wave Observations Suggest Most Black Hole Mergers Form in Triples
• Dynamical disruption timescales and chaotic behavior of hierarchical triple systems
• Dark Matter Signatures of Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
• Extremely Inclined Orbit of S-type Planet $\gamma$ Cep Ab Induced by Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Mechanism
• Characterizing the Chemistry of Planetary Materials Around White Dwarf Stars
• Self-gravity of debris discs can strongly change the outcomes of interactions with inclined planets
• Formation History of HD106906 and the Vertical Warping of Debris Disks by an External Inclined Companion
• Constraints on the origins of hypervelocity stars: velocity distribution, mergers and star-formation history
• Detecting gravitational-wave bursts from black hole binaries in the Galactic Center with LISA
• Structure and Skewness of the Effective Inspiral Spin Distribution of Binary Black Hole Mergers
• RV-exoplanet eccentricities: Good, Beta, and Best
• LISA Constraints on an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Galactic Centre
• Dynamics of Binary System around Supermassive Black Hole
• Neutron star kicks plus rockets as a mechanism for forming wide low-eccentricity neutron star binaries
• The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
• New binaries in the epsilon Cha association
• Librating Kozai-Lidov Cycles with a Precessing Quadrupole Potential are Analytically Approximately Solved
• Testing the nature of GW200105 by probing the frequency evolution of eccentricity
• Irregular Fixation: I. Fixed points and librating orbits of the Brown Hamiltonian
• The influence of general-relativity effects, dynamical tides and collisions on planet-planet scattering close to the star
• Cataclysmic Variables in Triples: Formation Models and New Discoveries
• Stellar obliquities of eight close-in gas giant exoplanets
• Obliquity Evolution of Circumstellar Planets in Sun-like Stellar Binaries
• Lack of close-in, massive planets of main-sequence A-type stars from Kepler
• Strong-gravity precession resonances for binary systems orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole
• A precessing Be disk as a possible model for occultation events in GX 304-1
• Worlds Next Door: A Candidate Giant Planet Imaged in the Habitable Zone of $\alpha$ Cen A. I. Observations, Orbital and Physical Properties, and Exozodi Upper Limits
• A census of main-sequence interactions in the Multiple Star Catalog
• Prompt stellar and binary black hole mergers in tight triples: Insights from chemically homogeneous evolution
• Gaia0007-1605: an old triple system with an inner brown dwarf-white dwarf binary and an outer white dwarf companion
• AT2018fyk: Candidate Tidal Disruption Event by a (Super)massive Black Hole Binary
• BH-BH mergers with & without EM counterpart: A model for stable tertiary mass transfer in hierarchical triple systems
• Dynamical essence of the eccentric von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai effect in restricted hierarchical planetary systems
• An Analytic Solution to the Kozai-Lidov Evolution Equations
• Inferring Interference: Identifying a Perturbing Tertiary with Eccentric Gravitational Wave Burst Timing
• Binary Natal Kicks in the Galactic Center: X-ray Binaries, Hypervelocity Stars, and Gravitational Waves
• Making hot Jupiters in stellar clusters: the importance of binary exchange
• An Empirical Fit for Viscoelastic Simulations of Tertiary Tides
• Hiding Planets Near and Far: The Parameter Space of Hidden Companions for Known Planetary Systems
• G189.6+03.3: the first complete X-ray view provided by SRG/eROSITA
• Fast radio burst repeaters produced via Kozai-Lidov feeding of neutron stars in binary systems
• Coplanar circumbinary planets can be unstable to large tilt oscillations in the presence of an inner polar planet
• Evolution of the Planetary Obliquity: The Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Mechanism Coupled with Tide
• Change in General Relativistic Precession Rates due to Lidov-Kozai oscillations in Solar System
• Close-in giant-planet formation via in-situ gas accretion and their natal disk properties
• A highly mutually-inclined, compact warm-Jupiter system KOI-984 ?
• Field-mediated locomotor dynamics on highly deformable surfaces
• Eclipsing Stellar Binaries in the Galactic Center
• Detectability of Gravitational Wave from a population of Inspiralling Black Holes in Milky Way Mass Galaxies
• Dynamics of the clumps partially disrupted from a planet around a neutron star
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment II: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Hot Jupiters in Compact Multiplanet Systems
• Eclipsing binaries in the open cluster Ruprecht 147. IV: The active triple system EPIC 219511354
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-Mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272
• Parameter Distributions of Binary Black Hole Mergers Near Supermassive Black Holes as Seen by Advanced Gravitational Wave Detectors
• The Aligned Orbit of a Hot Jupiter around the M Dwarf TOI-4201
• Quadrupole and octupole order resonances in non-restricted hierarchical planetary systems
• Binary imposters: Mergers in massive hierarchical triple stars
• Analytic understanding of the resonant nature of Kozai Lidov Cycles with a precessing quadrupole potential
• Mapping Long-Term Natural Orbits about Titania, a Satellite of Uranus
• A direct N-body integrator for modelling the chaotic, tidal dynamics of multi-body extrasolar systems: TIDYMESS
• Revisiting the Full Sets of Orbital Parameters for the XO-3 System: No evidence for Temporal Variation of the Spin-Orbit Angle
• The phase-space architecture in extrasolar systems with two planets in orbits of high mutual inclination
• HIP 15429: A newborn Be star on an eccentric binary orbit
• Understanding the evolution of Atira-class asteroid 2019 AQ3, a major step towards the future discovery of the Vatira population
• Planet Hunters TESS V: a planetary system around a binary star, including a mini-Neptune in the habitable zone
• Binary mergers in the centers of galaxies: synergy between stellar flybys and tidal fields
• DMPP-3: confirmation of short-period S-type planet(s) in a compact eccentric binary star system, and warnings about long-period RV planet detections
• Secular resonance of inner test particles in hierarchical planetary systems
• TOI-858 B b: A hot Jupiter on a polar orbit in a loose binary
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Eccentricity evolution consistency test to distinguish eccentric gravitational-wave signals from eccentricity mimickers
• High Velocity Runaway Binaries from Supernovae in Triple Systems
• Modeling Gravitational Wave Modes from the Inspiral of Binaries with Arbitrary Eccentricity
• Orbital Modeling of HII 1348B: An Eccentric Young Substellar Companion in the Pleiades
• Massive stellar triples on the edge: A numerical study of the evolution and final outcomes of destabilized massive triples
• Interstellar Meteors from Tidal Disruption of Rocky Planets on Eccentric Orbits Around M Dwarfs
• Ten new, ultracompact triply eclipsing triple star systems
• The origin of ultramassive white dwarfs: hints from Gaia EDR3
• A possible formation scenario of the Gaia ID 3425577610762832384: inner binary merger inside a triple common envelope
• Forming short period sub-stellar companions in 47 Tucanae -- II. Analytic expressions for the orbital evolution of planets in dense environments
• Interacting Young M-dwarfs in Triple System -- Par 1802 Binary System Case Study
• The cosmological distribution of compact object mergers from dynamical interactions with SMBH binaries
• A spectroscopic quadruple as a possible progenitor of sub-Chandrasekhar Type Ia supernovae
• Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• A search for Be stars in multiple systems within the solar neighborhood
• Migration and Evolution of giant ExoPlanets (MEEP) II: Super-Jupiters and Lithium-rich Host Stars
• Modeling Apsidal Motion in Eclipsing Binaries using ELC
• Observables and Unconstrained Spin Tensor Dynamics in General Relativity from Scattering Amplitudes
• Planet-planet scattering in presence of a companion star
• Profiling stellar environments of gravitational wave sources
• Detailed Simulations of Massive Hierarchical Triple Star Systems - Exploring the impact of the stellar physics on the evolutionary pathways of massive hierarchical triple systems
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Bayes-based orbital elements estimation in triple hierarchical stellar systems
• Common envelope evolution and triple dynamics as potential pathways to form the inner white dwarf + brown dwarf binary of the triple star system Gaia 0007-1605
• Analysis of the dynamical evolution of the Quadrantid meteoroid stream
• SPH modelling of AGB wind morphology in hierarchical triple systems \& comparison to observation of R Aql
• Extreme resonant eccentricity excitation of stars around merging black-hole binary
• A new expansion of planetary disturbing function and applications to interior, co-orbital and exterior resonances with planets
• Dynamical evolution timescales for the triple supermassive black hole system in NGC 6240
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Self-consistent Dynamical and Chaotic Tides in the REBOUNDx framework
• The eta Aquilae System: Radial Velocities and Astrometry in Search of eta Aql B
• Formation of counter-rotating and highly eccentric massive black hole binaries in galaxy mergers
• Constraints on Evolutionary Timescales for M Dwarf Planets from Dynamical Stability Arguments
• The complex dynamical past and future of double eclipsing binary CzeV343: misaligned orbits and period resonance
• Spectroscopy of TOI-1259B -- an unpolluted white dwarf companion to an inflated warm Saturn
• Secular Spin-orbit Resonances of Black Hole Binaries in AGN Disks
• Beyond binarity in A stars II. Disentangling the four stars in the vicinity of the triple HIP 87813 within the quintuple system HJ2814
• Discovery of Volatile Gas in the Giant Impact Disk around the 150-Myr old HD 23514
• Ultra High Energy Neutrino Event KM3-230213A as a Signal of Electroweak Vacuum Turbulence in Merging Black Hole Binaries
• Interactions among binary black holes in star clusters: Eccentric gravitational wave captures and triple formation
• Potential Tertiary Effects on the LISA Verification Binary HM Cancri
• Partial disruption of a planet around a white dwarf: the effect of perturbation from the remnant planet on the accretion
• An Extreme Ultra-Compact X-ray Binary in a Globular Cluster: Multi-Wavelength Observations of RZ2109 Explored in a Triple System Framework
• The Nature of Gravitational Wave Events with Host Environment Escape Velocities
• Forecasting Tidal Disruption Events by Binary Black Hole Roulettes
• Dissecting the Quadruple Binary Hyad vA 351 -- Masses for three M Dwarfs and a White Dwarf
• Secular Eccentricity Oscillations in Axisymmetric Disks of Eccentric Orbits
• Partial Tidal Disruption Events by Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Supermassive and Intermediate-mass Black Hole Binaries
• Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars
• Abundant sub-micron grains revealed in newly discovered extreme debris discs
• Where to find over-massive brown dwarfs: new benchmark systems for binary evolution
• Binary asteroid dissociation and accretion around white dwarfs
• Supernovae in massive binaries and compact object mergers near supermassive black holes
• An estimate of resident time of the Oort Cloud new comets in planetary region
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Companions to Kepler giant stars: A long-period eccentric substellar companion to KIC 3526061 and a stellar companion to HD 187878
• A canonical transformation to eliminate resonant perturbations I
• Evolution of Stellar Orbits Around Merging Massive Black-Hole Binary
• Testing the presence of a dormant black hole inside HR 6819
• A tidally detached super Neptune on a strongly misaligned retrograde orbit
• Coronal heating problem solution by means of axion origin photons
• Observable signature of magnetic tidal coupling in hierarchical triple systems
• Repeating X-ray bursts: Interaction between a neutron star and clumps partially disrupted from a planet
• The hierarchical three-body problem at $\mathcal{O}(G^2)$
• Compact object populations over cosmic time I. BOSSA: a Binary Object environment-Sensitive Sampling Algorithm
• Dynamical friction can flip the hierarchical three-body system
• Resonant Locking Between Binary Systems Induced by Gravitational Waves
• Probabilistic eccentricity bifurcation for stars around shrinking massive black hole binaries
• Aero-Resonant Migration
• Dynamical Evolution of Planetary Systems
• TOI-3362b: A Proto-Hot Jupiter Undergoing High-Eccentricity Tidal Migration
• Tidal phenomena in the Galactic Center: The curious case of X7
• Discovery of a compact hierarchical triple main-sequence star system while searching for binary stars with compact objects
• Secular dynamics of stellar spin driven by planets inside Kozai-Lidov resonance
• Absolute Parameters of Young Stars: NO Puppis
• Milliarcsecond astrometric oscillations in active galactic nuclei as a precursor of multi-messenger gravitational wave events
• On the Ordering of Exoplanet Systems
• True Unicorns and False Positives: Simulated Probabilities of Dark Massive Companions to Bright Stars
• Revisiting the orbital motion of WR 138
• Gravitational signatures beyond Newton: exploring hierarchical three-body dynamics
• Higher-order effects in the dynamics of hierarchical triple systems. III. Astrophysical implications of second-order and dotriacontapole terms
• A supplementary radiation-reaction force between two binaries
• TOI-1259Ab: A Warm Jupiter Orbiting a K-dwarf White-Dwarf Binary is on a Well-aligned Orbit
• Re-recognized universality of Kozai oscillation on three-body dynamics
• Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves from Astrophysical Sources: Theory, Detection, and Applications
• Short-Range Forces Can Catalyze Extreme Orbital Evolution in Hierarchical Triples
• Exploring the parameter space of hierarchical triple black hole systems
• Ground to Dust: Collisional Cascades and the Fate of Kardashev II Megaswarms
• Neural Symplectic Integrator with Hamiltonian Inductive Bias for the Gravitational $N$-body Problem
• The GAPS Programme at TNG LXVIII. Characterization of the outer substellar companion around HD 72659 with a multi-technique approach
• Dynamical orbital evolution scenarios of the wide-orbit eccentric planet HR 5183b
• Detailed Abundances of Planet-Hosting Open Clusters. The Praesepe (Beehive) Cluster
• Revisiting the dynamics of planets in binaries: evolutionary timescales and the effect of early stellar evolution
• A solution to the paradox of youth in the Galactic centre
• Structures of secular resonances for inner test particles in hierarchical planetary systems
• The Delay Time Distribution of Tidal Disruption Events
• Observational Signatures of Planetary Tidal Disruption Events Around Solar-Mass Stars
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• Orbital alignment of HD 332231 b
• Tidal disruptions of close white dwarf binaries by intermediate mass black holes
• Breaking the Mass Inclination Degeneracy of Radial Velocity Measurements via Monitoring von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Cycles: Implications in the HD 41004 System
• Hubble Space Telescope Snapshot Survey for Resolved Companions of Galactic Cepheids: Final Results
• Thermomagnetic Ettingshausen-Nernst effect in tachocline, magnetic reconnection phenomenon in lower layers, axion mechanism of solar luminosity variations, coronal heating problem solution and mechanism of ADM variations around BH
• JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
• The eccentricity distribution of wide binaries and their individual measurements
• A transiting hot Jupiter with two outer siblings orbiting an intermediate-mass post main-sequence star
• A 2+1+1 quadruple star system containing the most eccentric, low-mass, short-period, eclipsing binary known
• Timing of AB And eclipses
• Shepherding Miorita and its flock: A group of near-Earth asteroids driven by apsidal and von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai secular resonances. A source of low-perihelion asteroids
• Bifurcation sequences in the secular 3D planetary 3-Body problem: a geometric approach
• Kozai-driven mass loss of the circumbinary disk in D9 in orbit around the supermassive black hole Sgr A*
• Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals triggered by Massive Black Hole Binaries: from Relativistic Dynamics to Cosmological Rates
• Anatomy of a slow merger: dissecting secularly-driven inspirals of LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave sources