Hot Jupiters from Secular Planet--Planet Interactions

Abstract

About 25 per cent of `hot Jupiters' (extrasolar Jovian-mass planets with close-in orbits) are actually orbiting counter to the spin direction of the star. Perturbations from a distant binary star companion can produce high inclinations, but cannot explain orbits that are retrograde with respect to the total angular momentum of the system. Such orbits in a stellar context can be produced through secular (that is, long term) perturbations in hierarchical triple-star systems. Here we report a similar analysis of planetary bodies, including both octupole-order effects and tidal friction, and find that we can produce hot Jupiters in orbits that are retrograde with respect to the total angular momentum. With distant stellar mass perturbers, such an outcome is not possible. With planetary perturbers, the inner orbit's angular momentum component parallel to the total angular momentum need not be constant. In fact, as we show here, it can even change sign, leading to a retrograde orbit. A brief excursion to very high eccentricity during the chaotic evolution of the inner orbit allows planet-star tidal interactions to rapidly circularize that orbit, decoupling the planets and forming a retrograde hot Jupiter.

accepted for publication by Nature, 3 figures (version after proof - some typos corrected)

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• Binary mergers in the centers of galaxies: synergy between stellar flybys and tidal fields
• Investigating the eccentricity distribution of transiting, long-period giant planets
• Planet Across Space and Time (PAST). VII. The origin and tidal evolution of hot Jupiters constrained by a broken age-frequency relation
• Lunar close encounters compete with the circumterrestrial Lidov-Kozai effect
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Common envelope evolution and triple dynamics as potential pathways to form the inner white dwarf + brown dwarf binary of the triple star system Gaia 0007-1605
• An Early Look at the Performance of IGRINS-2 at Gemini-North with Application to the ultrahot Jupiter, WASP-33 b
• A New Brown Dwarf Orbiting an M star and An Investigation on the Eccentricity Distribution of Transiting Long-Period Brown Dwarfs
• A new expansion of planetary disturbing function and applications to interior, co-orbital and exterior resonances with planets
• Constraints on Evolutionary Timescales for M Dwarf Planets from Dynamical Stability Arguments
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• Production of hot Jupiter candidates from high-eccentricity mechanisms for different initial planetary mass configurations
• Partial disruption of a planet around a white dwarf: the effect of perturbation from the remnant planet on the accretion
• Dynamical friction can flip the hierarchical three-body system
• The Formation of Double Hot Jupiter Systems through von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai Migration
• Probabilistic eccentricity bifurcation for stars around shrinking massive black hole binaries
• Secular dynamics of stellar spin driven by planets inside Kozai-Lidov resonance
• A Mid-Infrared Search for Substellar Companions of Nearby Planet-Host Stars
• Higher-order effects in the dynamics of hierarchical triple systems. III. Astrophysical implications of second-order and dotriacontapole terms
• Thermal emission spectra of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33 b
• Short-Range Forces Can Catalyze Extreme Orbital Evolution in Hierarchical Triples
• TOI-3362b: A Proto-Hot Jupiter Undergoing High-Eccentricity Tidal Migration
• High-contrast Imaging around a 2 Myr-old CI Tau with a Close-in Gas Giant
• The evolution of hierarchical triple star-systems
• Generating Stellar Obliquity in Systems with Broken Protoplanetary Disks
• Instability from high-order resonant chains in wide-separation massive planet systems
• The eccentricity distribution of wide binaries and their individual measurements
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• The Influence of General Relativity on the Spins of Celestial Bodies in Inclined Orbits
• Structures of secular resonances for inner test particles in hierarchical planetary systems
• Planets in Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Search for Stellar Companions
• Inflated Eccentric Migration of evolving gas giants II: Numerical methodology and basic concepts