Warm Jupiters from secular planet-planet interactions

Abstract

Most warm Jupiters (gas-giant planets with $0.1\mathrm{AU}\lesssim a\lesssim 1$ AU) have pericenter distances that are too large for significant orbital migration by tidal friction. We study the possibility that the warm Jupiters are undergoing secular eccentricity oscillations excited by an outer companion (a planet or star) in an eccentric and/or mutually inclined orbit. In this model the warm Jupiters migrate periodically, in the high-eccentricity phase of the oscillation when the pericenter distance is small, but are typically observed at much lower eccentricities. We show that the steady-state eccentricity distribution of the warm Jupiters migrating by this mechanism is approximately flat, which is consistent with the observed distribution if and only if we restrict the sample to warm Jupiters that have outer companions detected by radial-velocity surveys. The eccentricity distribution of warm Jupiters without companions exhibits a peak at low eccentricities ($e\lesssim 0.2$) that must be explained by a different formation mechanism. Based on a population-synthesis study we find that high-eccentricity migration excited by an outer planetary companion (i) can account for $\sim 20\%$ of the warm Jupiters and most of the warm Jupiters with $e\gtrsim 0.4$, a fraction that is consistent with the observed population of warm Jupiters with outer companions; (ii) can produce most of the observed population of hot Jupiters, with a semimajor axis distribution that matches the observations, but fails to account adequately for $\sim 60\%$ of hot Jupiters with projected obliquities $\lesssim 20^{\circ }$. Thus $\sim 20\%$ of the warm Jupiters and $\sim 60\%$ of the hot Jupiters can be produced by high-eccentricity migration. We also provide predictions for the expected mutual inclinations and spin-orbit angles of the planetary systems with hot and warm Jupiters produced by high-eccentricity migration.

22 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in the AJ

References in corpus (16)

• Models of the in situ formation of detected extrasolar giant planets
• Mergers and Obliquities in Stellar Triples
• Hot Jupiters in binary star systems
• Hot Jupiters from Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration
• Steady-state planet migration by the Kozai-Lidov mechanism in stellar binaries
• Photometric and spectroscopic detection of the primary transit of the 111-day-period planet HD 80606 b
• Double-blind test program for astrometric planet detection with Gaia
• Large eccentricity, low mutual inclination: the three-dimensional architecture of a hierarchical system of giant planets
• Chaotic Dynamics of Stellar Spin in Binaries and the Production of Misaligned Hot Jupiters
• The 2:1 resonant exoplanetary system orbiting HD73526
• Selection Functions in Doppler Planet Searches
• A Class of Warm Jupiters with Mutually Inclined, Apsidally Misaligned, Close Friends
• The statistical mechanics of planet orbits
• Chaotic Dynamics of Stellar Spin Driven by Planets Undergoing Lidov-Kozai Oscillations: Resonances and Origin of Chaos
• Spin-Orbit angle distribution and the origin of (mis)aligned hot Jupiters
• Ongoing growth of the brightest cluster galaxies via major dry mergers in the last ~6 Gyr

Cited by in corpus (94)

• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG XIV. Investigating giant planet migration history via improved eccentricity and mass determination for 231 transiting planets
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
• Quasi-secular evolution of mildly hierarchical triple systems: analytics and applications for GW-sources and hot Jupiters
• A warm Jupiter-sized planet transiting the pre-main sequence star V1298 Tau
• The effects of external planets on inner systems: multiplicities, inclinations, and pathways to eccentric warm Jupiters
• Origins of Hot Jupiters from the Stellar Obliquity Distribution
• The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Reveals A High Mass and a Low Obliquity for the Young Neptune K2-25b
• DREAM I. Orbital architecture orrery
• Evidence for Hidden Nearby Companions to Hot Jupiters
• HD 1397b: a transiting warm giant planet orbiting a V = 7.8 mag sub-giant star discovered by TESS
• Secular dynamics of multiplanet systems: implications for the formation of hot and warm Jupiters via high-eccentricity migration
• Multiple Stellar Evolution: a population synthesis algorithm to model the stellar, binary, and dynamical evolution of multiple-star systems
• In-Situ Scattering of Warm Jupiters and Implications for Dynamical Histories
• TOI-677 b: A Warm Jupiter (P=11.2d) on an eccentric orbit transiting a late F-type star
• The JADE code: Coupling secular exoplanetary dynamics and photo-evaporation
• Dynamical Tides in Highly Eccentric Binaries: Chaos, Dissipation and Quasi-Steady State
• Secular dynamics of hierarchical multiple systems composed of nested binaries, with an arbitrary number of bodies and arbitrary hierarchical structure. II. External perturbations: flybys and supernovae
• A significant mutual inclination between the planets within the $\pi$ Mensae system
• Warm Jupiters in TESS Full-Frame Images: A Catalog and Observed Eccentricity Distribution for Year 1
• Signatures of a planet-planet impacts phase in exoplanetary systems hosting giant planets
• Chaotic quadruple secular evolution and the production of misaligned exomoons and Warm Jupiters in stellar multiples
• Moderately Eccentric Warm Jupiters from Secular Interactions with Exterior Companions
• K2-99: a subgiant hosting a transiting warm Jupiter in an eccentric orbit and a long-period companion
• Hot Jupiters driven by high-eccentricity migration in globular clusters
• Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small Planet Occurrence in High Galactic Amplitude Stars
• Eccentric Companions to Kepler-448b and Kepler-693b: Clues to the Formation of Warm Jupiters
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• A Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter Orbiting TIC 237913194
• TOI-216b and TOI-216c: Two warm, large exoplanets in or slightly wide of the 2:1 orbital resonance
• Evolution of massive stellar triples and implications for compact object binary formation
• A pair of warm giant planets near the 2:1 mean motion resonance around the K-dwarf star TOI-2202
• Return of the TEDI: revisiting the Triple Evolution Dynamical Instability channel in triple stars
• TOI-2525 b and c: A pair of massive warm giant planets with a strong transit timing variations revealed by TESS
• Dynamical constraints on the origin of hot and warm Jupiters with close friends
• A statistical view on stable and unstable Roche lobe overflow of a tertiary star onto the inner binary in triple systems
• EPIC247098361b: a transiting warm Saturn on an eccentric $P=11.2$ days orbit around a $V=9.9$ star
• WASP-South hot Jupiters: WASP-178b, WASP-184b, WASP-185b & WASP-192b
• Properties of von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai oscillations in triple systems at the quadrupole order: relaxing the test particle approximation
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• Two long-period transiting exoplanets on eccentric orbits: NGTS-20 b (TOI-5152 b) and TOI-5153 b
• Signature of Planetary Mergers on Stellar Spins
• The Stationary Points of the Hierarchical Three Body Problem
• Dynamics of Stellar Spin Driven by Planets Undergoing Lidov-Kozai Migration: Paths to Spin-Orbit Misalignment
• Are WASP-107-like Systems Consistent with High-eccentricity Migration?
• The imprint of X-ray photoevaporation of planet-forming discs on the orbital distribution of giant planets
• Secular dynamics of hierarchical multiple systems composed of nested binaries, with an arbitrary number of bodies and arbitrary hierarchical structure. III. Suborbital effects: hybrid integration techniques and orbit-averaging corrections
• Secular transport during disk dispersal: the case of Kepler-419
• Hot Jupiter accretion: 3D MHD simulations of star-planet wind interaction
• Three long period transiting giant planets from TESS
• Planet Occurrence Rate Correlated to Stellar Dynamical History: Evidence from Kepler and Gaia
• KELT-24b: A 5M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ Planet on a 5.6 day Well-Aligned Orbit around the Young V=8.3 F-star HD 93148
• TOI-1859b: A 64-Day Warm Jupiter on an Eccentric and Misaligned Orbit
• Orbital alignment of the eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-677 b
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• EPIC 201498078b: A low density Super Neptune on an eccentric orbit
• Kepler-1656b's Extreme Eccentricity: Signature of a Gentle Giant
• K2-287b: an Eccentric Warm Saturn transiting a G-dwarf
• A deeper view of the CoRoT-9 planetary system. A small non-zero eccentricity for CoRoT-9b likely generated by planet-planet scattering
• A Secular Resonant Origin for the Loneliness of Hot Jupiters
• Prospects from TESS and Gaia to constrain the flatness of planetary systems
• BOWIE-ALIGN: A JWST comparative survey of aligned vs misaligned hot Jupiters to test the dependence of atmospheric composition on migration history
• Roche-lobe overflow in eccentric planet-star systems
• Hints for hidden planetary companions to hot Jupiters in stellar binaries
• Can Large-Scale Migration Explain the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate?
• Tidal evolution and diffusive growth during high-eccentricity planet migration: revisiting the eccentricity distribution of hot Jupiters
• A test of the high-eccentricity migration scenario for close-in planets
• A third star in the HAT-P-7 system, and a new dynamical pathway to misaligned hot Jupiters
• The PFS view of TOI-677 b: A spin-orbit aligned warm Jupiter in a dynamically hot system
• Tracing the formation and migration history: molecular signatures in the atmosphere of misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-94Ab using JWST NIRSpec/G395H
• A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127
• Addressing the statistical mechanics of planet orbits in the solar system
• Observable Predictions from Perturber-coupled High-eccentricity Tidal Migration of Warm Jupiters
• An old warm Jupiter orbiting the metal-poor G-dwarf TOI-5542
• The influence of general-relativity effects, dynamical tides and collisions on planet-planet scattering close to the star
• An Analytic Solution to the Kozai-Lidov Evolution Equations
• Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• A highly mutually-inclined, compact warm-Jupiter system KOI-984 ?
• The Origin of Kepler-419b: A Path to Tidal Migration Via Four-body Secular Interactions
• Quadrupole and octupole order resonances in non-restricted hierarchical planetary systems
• The origin of the occurrence rate profile of gas giants inside 100 days
• Robustly detecting changes in warm Jupiters' transit impact parameters
• Contrast and Temperature Dependence of Multi-Epoch High-Resolution Cross-Correlation Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• Planet Across Space and Time (PAST). VII. The origin and tidal evolution of hot Jupiters constrained by a broken age-frequency relation
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• A New Brown Dwarf Orbiting an M star and An Investigation on the Eccentricity Distribution of Transiting Long-Period Brown Dwarfs
• Production of hot Jupiter candidates from high-eccentricity mechanisms for different initial planetary mass configurations
• HARPS-N Reveals a Well-aligned Orbit for the Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter TOI-4127 b
• A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• K2-99 revisited: a non-inflated warm Jupiter, and a temperate giant planet on a 522-d orbit around a subgiant