A Class of Warm Jupiters with Mutually Inclined, Apsidally Misaligned, Close Friends
arXiv:1410.2604 · doi:10.1126/science.1256943
Abstract
The orbits of giant extrasolar planets often have surprisingly small semi-major axes, large eccentricities, or severe misalignments between their normals and their host stars' spin axes. In some formation scenarios invoking Kozai-Lidov oscillations, an external planetary companion drives a planet onto an orbit having these properties. The mutual inclinations for Kozai-Lidov oscillations can be large and have not been confirmed observationally. Here we deduce that observed eccentric warm Jupiters with eccentric giant companions have mutual inclinations that oscillate between 35-65 deg. Our inference is based on the pairs' observed apsidal separations, which cluster near 90 deg. The near-orthogonality of periapse directions is effected by the outer companion's quadrupolar and octupolar potentials. These systems may be undergoing a stalled version of tidal migration that produces warm Jupiters over hot Jupiters, and provide evidence for a population of multi-planet systems that are not flat and have been sculpted by Kozai-Lidov oscillations.
Accepted for publication in Science on 12 September 2014; published online on 10 October 2014; PDF includes main article and supplementary materials (36 pages, 11 figures, 1 table)
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