A high mutual inclination system around KOI-134 revealed by transit timing variations

Abstract

Few planetary systems have measured mutual inclinations, and even less are found to be non-coplanar. Observing the gravitational interactions between exoplanets is an effective tool to detect non-transiting companions to transiting planets. Evidence of these interactions can manifest in the light curve through transit timing variations (TTVs) and transit duration variations (TDVs). Through analysis of Kepler photometry and joint TTV-TDV modeling, we confirm the detection of KOI-134 b, a transiting planet with mass and size similar to Jupiter on a period of ~67 days, and find that it exhibits high TTVs (~20-hr amplitude) and significant TDVs. We explain these signals with the presence of an innermost non-transiting planet in 2:1 resonance with KOI-134 b. KOI-134 c has a mass $M=0.220_{-0.011}^{+0.010}{M}_{\text{Jup}}$ and a moderately-high mutual inclination with KOI-134 b of $i_{\text{mut}}=15.4_{-2.5}^{+2.8}{}^{\circ }$. Moreover, the inclination variations of KOI-134 b are so large that the planet is predicted to stop transiting in about 100 years. This system architecture cannot be easily explained by any one formation mechanism, with other dynamical effects needed to excite the planets' mutual inclination while still preserving their resonance.

32 pages, 14 figures, published in Nature Astronomy

References in corpus (55)

• Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• REBOUND: An open-source multi-purpose N-body code for collisional dynamics
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data
• A box-fitting algorithm in the search for periodic transits
• Dynamical Outcomes of Planet-Planet Scattering
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• On the Unique Solution of Planet and Star Parameters from an Extrasolar Planet Transit Light Curve
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• IAS15: A fast, adaptive, high-order integrator for gravitational dynamics, accurate to machine precision over a billion orbits
• Overview of the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline
• Dynamical Origin of Extrasolar Planet Eccentricity Distribution
• RadVel: The Radial Velocity Modeling Toolkit
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25
• Extracting Planet Mass and Eccentricity From TTV data
• Stellar Spin-Orbit Misalignment in a Multiplanet System
• The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: A Uranus-mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration
• Three-dimensional simulations of multiple protoplanets embedded in a protostellar disc
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VII. The First Fully Uniform Catalog Based on The Entire 48 Month Dataset (Q1-Q17 DR24)
• Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system
• A Guide to Realistic Uncertainties on Fundamental Properties of Solar-Type Exoplanet Host Stars
• Resonant Repulsion of Kepler Planet Pairs
• First order resonance overlap and the stability of close two planet systems
• Transit Timing Observations from Kepler. IX. Catalog of the Full Long-Cadence Data Set
• The Detection and Characterization of a Nontransiting Planet by Transit Timing Variations
• KOI-142, the King of Transit Variations, is a Pair of Planets near the 2:1 Resonance
• Are Planetary Systems Filled to Capacity? A Study Based on Kepler Results
• Investigations of approximate expressions for the transit duration
• Large eccentricity, low mutual inclination: the three-dimensional architecture of a hierarchical system of giant planets
• EXOFASTv2: A public, generalized, publication-quality exoplanet modeling code
• Resonant inclination excitation of migrating giant planets
• High-efficiency Autonomous Laser Adaptive Optics
• Five Kepler target stars that show multiple transiting exoplanet candidates
• A Class of Warm Jupiters with Mutually Inclined, Apsidally Misaligned, Close Friends
• An examination of some characteristics of Kepler Short and Long Cadence Data
• A disk-driven resonance as the origin of high inclinations of close-in planets
• Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Candidate Survey III: Adaptive Optics Imaging of 1629 Kepler Exoplanet Candidate Host Stars
• Kepler-108: A Mutually Inclined Giant Planet System
• Dynamics and Transit Variations of Resonant Exoplanets
• Eccentricity Evolution of Extrasolar Multiple Planetary Systems due to the Depletion of Nascent Protostellar Disks
• A well aligned orbit for the 45 Myr old transiting Neptune DS Tuc Ab
• H-alpha and Ca II Infrared Triplet Variations During a Transit of the 23 Myr Planet V1298 Tau c
• Precise transit and radial-velocity characterization of a resonant pair: a warm Jupiter TOI-216c and eccentric warm Neptune TOI-216b
• An Aligned Orbit for the Young Planet V1298 Tau b
• TOI-216b and TOI-216c: Two warm, large exoplanets in or slightly wide of the 2:1 orbital resonance
• TOI-1130: A photodynamical analysis of a hot Jupiter in resonance with an inner low-mass planet
• Absolute masses and radii determination in multiplanetary systems without stellar models
• K2-146: Discovery of Planet c, Precise Masses from Transit Timing, and Observed Precession
• A Habitable-Zone Earth-Sized Planet Rescued from False Positive Status
• TOI-1408: Discovery and Photodynamical Modeling of a Small Inner Companion to a Hot Jupiter Revealed by TTVs

Cited by in corpus (3)

• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• HD 715 b, a Warm Jupiter Orbiting a Massive Subgiant Discovered from a Single TESS Transit
• ExoEcho: Exoplanet Ephemerides Change Observations. III. A JWST Survey for Transit Timing Variations of 37 Exoplanets