Obliquities of Hot Jupiter host stars: Evidence for tidal interactions and primordial misalignments

Abstract

We provide evidence that the obliquities of stars with close-in giant planets were initially nearly random, and that the low obliquities that are often observed are a consequence of star-planet tidal interactions. The evidence is based on 14 new measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect (for the systems HAT-P-6, HAT-P-7, HAT-P-16, HAT-P-24, HAT-P-32, HAT-P-34, WASP-12, WASP-16, WASP-18, WASP-19, WASP-26, WASP-31, Gl 436, and Kepler-8), as well as a critical review of previous observations. The low-obliquity (well-aligned) systems are those for which the expected tidal timescale is short, and likewise the high-obliquity (misaligned and retrograde) systems are those for which the expected timescale is long. At face value, this finding indicates that the origin of hot Jupiters involves dynamical interactions like planet-planet interactions or the Kozai effect that tilt their orbits, rather than inspiraling due to interaction with a protoplanetary disk. We discuss the status of this hypothesis and the observations that are needed for a more definitive conclusion.

Accepted for publication in ApJ; typos corrected, 2 broken references fixed, 26 pages, 25 figures

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• WASP-180Ab: Doppler tomography of an hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star in a visual binary
• Three long period transiting giant planets from TESS
• Teetering Stars: Resonant Excitation of Stellar Obliquities by Hot and Warm Jupiters with External Companions
• High-resolution emission spectroscopy retrievals of MASCARA-1b with CRIRES+: Strong detections of CO, H${}_2$O and Fe emission lines and a C$/$O consistent with solar
• The Orbital Architecture of Qatar-6: A Fully Aligned 3-Body System?
• KELT-24b: A 5M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ Planet on a 5.6 day Well-Aligned Orbit around the Young V=8.3 F-star HD 93148
• An eccentric Brown Dwarf eclipsing an M dwarf
• NEID Rossiter-McLaughlin Measurement of TOI-1268b: A Young Warm Saturn Aligned with Its Cool Host Star
• BOWIE-ALIGN: JWST reveals hints of planetesimal accretion and complex sulphur chemistry in the atmosphere of the misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-15b
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• Tidal interactions of a Maclaurin spheroid. II: Resonant excitation of modes by a close, misaligned orbit
• K2-139 b: a low-mass warm Jupiter on a 29-day orbit transiting an active K0 V star
• Three Hot-Jupiters on the upper edge of the mass-radius distribution: WASP-177, WASP-181 and WASP-183
• The Young Planet DS Tuc Ab has a Low Obliquity
• TOI-1859b: A 64-Day Warm Jupiter on an Eccentric and Misaligned Orbit
• Quantifying the Influence of Jupiter on the Earth's Orbital Cycles
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Compact Sub-Saturn Systems
• Tidal interactions of a Maclaurin spheroid. I: Properties of free oscillation modes
• Orbital alignment of the eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-677 b
• HATS-38 b and WASP-139 b join a growing group of hot Neptunes on polar orbits
• Kepler-1656b's Extreme Eccentricity: Signature of a Gentle Giant
• Orbital Migration of Protoplanets in a Marginally Gravitationally Unstable Disk
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
• HAT-P-42b and HAT-P-43b. Two Inflated Transiting Hot Jupiters from the HATNet Survey
• The Spin-Orbit Misalignment of TOI-1842b: The First Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for a Warm Sub-Saturn around a Massive Star
• Nodal Precession and Tidal Evolution of Two Hot-Jupiters: WASP-33 b and KELT-9 b
• Automated approach to measure stellar inclinations: validation through large-scale measurements on the red giant branch
• The resilience of Kepler systems to stellar obliquity
• Can stellar activity make a planet seem misaligned?
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXVII. CoRoT-28b, a planet orbiting an evolved star, and CoRoT-29b, a planet showing an asymmetric transit
• Dynamical Friction in a Gas: The Supersonic Case
• The GAPS Programme at TNG: XXXVI. Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and revising the physical and orbital parameters of the HAT-P-15, HAT-P-17, HAT-P-21, HAT-P-26, HAT-P-29 eccentric planetary systems
• The Epoch of Giant Planet Migration Planet Search Program. I. Near-Infrared Radial Velocity Jitter of Young Sun-like Stars
• Obliquity measurement and atmospheric characterization of the WASP-74 planetary system
• Protostellar spin-down: a planetary lift?
• Tracking the spin axes orbital alignment in selected binary systems - Torun Rossiter-McLaughlin effect survey
• Forming Different Planetary Architectures . I . Formation Efficiency of Hot Jupites from High-eccentricity Mechanisms
• Dealing With $\delta$-Scuti Variables: Transit Light Curve Analysis of Planets Orbiting Rapidly-Rotating, Seismically Active A/F Stars
• The influence of planetary engulfment on stellar rotation in metal-poor main-sequence stars
• Constraining the orbit of the planet-hosting binary $\tau$ Boötis: Clues about planetary formation and migration
• Measuring the Obliquities of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets with MAROON-X
• TASTE V. A new ground-based investigation of orbital decay in the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-12b
• Rapid rotators revisited: absolute dimensions of KOI-13
• Can we detect the stellar differential rotation of WASP-7 through theRossiter-McLaughlin observations?
• BOWIE-ALIGN: A JWST comparative survey of aligned vs misaligned hot Jupiters to test the dependence of atmospheric composition on migration history
• Stellar obliquities and magnetic activities of Planet-Hosting Stars and Eclipsing Binaries based on Transit Chord Correlation
• The Spin-Orbit Alignment of 8 Warm Gas Giant Systems
• Transit Timing Variation of XO-3b: Evidence for Tidal Evolution of Hot Jupiter with High Eccentricity
• NEID Reveals that The Young Warm Neptune TOI-2076 b Has a Low Obliquity
• Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS
• Gravity-Darkened Seasons: Insolation Around Rapid Rotators
• KELT-18b: Puffy Planet, Hot Host, Probably Perturbed
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• A decade of radial-velocity monitoring of Vega and new limits on the presence of planets
• Nodal Precession of WASP-33b for Eleven Years by Doppler Tomographic and Transit Photometric Observations
• Qatar Exoplanet Survey: Qatar-6b -- a grazing transiting hot Jupiter
• Two Planets Straddling the Habitable Zone of The Nearby K Dwarf Gl 414A
• Probable Spin-Orbit Aligned Super-Earth Planet Candidate KOI-2138.01
• Evidence of apsidal motion and a possible co-moving companion star detected in the WASP-19 system
• Sub-Jovian desert of exoplanets at its boundaries. Parameter dependence along the main sequence
• The PFS view of TOI-677 b: A spin-orbit aligned warm Jupiter in a dynamically hot system
• Tracing the formation and migration history: molecular signatures in the atmosphere of misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-94Ab using JWST NIRSpec/G395H
• The OATMEAL Survey. I. Low Stellar Obliquity in the Transiting Brown Dwarf System GPX-1
• Rossiter-McLaughlin detection of the 9-month period transiting exoplanet HIP41378 d
• The impact of tidal friction evolution on the orbital decay of ultra-short period planets
• A High-Eccentricity Warm Jupiter Orbiting TOI-4127
• MASCARA-3b: A hot Jupiter transiting a bright F7 star in an aligned orbit
• EPIC 246851721 b: A Tropical Jupiter Transiting a Rapidly Rotating Star in a Well-Aligned Orbit
• An apparently eccentric orbit of the exoplanet WASP-12 b as a radial velocity signature of planetary-induced tides in the host star
• Tropical and Extratropical General Circulation with a Meridional Reversed Temperature Gradient as Expected in a High Obliquity Planet
• Synergies between Asteroseismology and Exoplanetary Science
• Stellar activity consequence on the retrieved transmission spectra through chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• HAT-P-58b -- HAT-P-64b: Seven Planets Transiting Bright Stars
• Revisiting Orbital Evolution in HAT-P-2 b and Confirmation of HAT-P-2 c
• Orbital decay of short-period gas giants under evolving tides
• Tides and angular momentum redistribution inside low-mass stars hosting planets: a first dynamical model
• The DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits (DEMONEX): Seven Transits of XO-4b
• Confirmation and characterisation of three giant planets detected by TESS from the FIES/NOT and Tull/McDonald spectrographs
• Stellar winds as a mechanism to tilt the spin axes of Sun-like stars
• Spinning up a Daze: TESS Uncovers a Hot Jupiter orbiting the Rapid-Rotator TOI-778
• Gap formation by inclined massive planets in locally isothermal three-dimensional discs
• XO-7 b: A transiting hot Jupiter with a massive companion on a wide orbit
• Moderately misaligned orbit of the warm sub-Saturn HD 332231 b
• Stellar obliquities of eight close-in gas giant exoplanets
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• A closer look at LTT 9779b: The ESPRESSO endeavour to pierce the atmospheric veil
• K2-HERMES II. Planet-candidate properties from K2 Campaigns 1-13
• The distribution of mutual inclinations arising from the stellar quadrupole moment
• Starspots and spin-orbit alignment for Kepler cool host stars
• Warm Spitzer Occultation Photometry of WASP-26b at 3.6μm and 4.5μm
• Difficulty in Formation of Counter-orbiting Hot Jupiters from Near-coplanar Hierarchical Triple Systems: A Sub-stellar Perturber
• ATREIDES I. Embarking on a trek across the exo-Neptunian landscape with the TOI-421 system
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• The Occurrence of Earth-Like Planets Around Other Stars
• Prospects for detecting the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of Earth-like planets: the test case of TRAPPIST-1b and c
• Three Warm Jupiters orbiting TOI-6628, TOI-3837, TOI-5027 and one sub-Saturn orbiting TOI-2328
• Probing the effect of gravitational microlensing on the measurements of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• Stellar magnetic activity and Star-Planet Interactions (invited review)
• Nature vs. nurture: a Bayesian framework for assessing apparent correlations between planetary orbital properties and stellar ages
• Revisiting the Architecture of the KOI-89 System
• On the nature of the azimuthal asymmetry of protoplanetary disks observed pole-on. The case LkHa 101
• The inflated, eccentric warm Jupiter TOI-4914 b orbiting a metal-poor star, and the hot Jupiters TOI-2714 b and TOI-2981 b
• Evidence for Primordial Alignment II: Insights from Stellar Obliquity Measurements for Hot Jupiters in Compact Multiplanet Systems
• WASP-12b: A Mass-Losing Extremely Hot Jupiter
• The Aligned Orbit of a Hot Jupiter around the M Dwarf TOI-4201
• Discovery of an inflated hot Jupiter around a slightly evolved star TOI-1789
• Constraining Planetary Migration and Tidal Dissipation with Coeval Hot Jupiters
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II
• Possible Outcomes of Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration: Hot Jupiters, Close-in Super-Earths, and Counter-orbiting Planets
• What is the mass of alpha Cen B b?
• Tentative Evidence for Transit Timing Variations of WASP-161b
• Resonance capture and long-term evolution of planets in binary star systems
• Obliquities of Exoplanet Host Stars from Precise Distances and Stellar Angular Diameters
• High-resolution transmission spectroscopy of the hot-Saturn HD 149026b
• Atmospheric Mass Loss from TOI-1259 A b, a Gas Giant Planet With a White Dwarf Companion
• The OATMEAL Survey. III. An Aligned Transiting Warm Brown Dwarf and Evidence for Quiescent Brown Dwarf Migration
• Stellar Obliquity Excitation via Disk Dispersal-Driven Resonances in Binaries
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. VI: Confirmation of a Long-Period Giant Planet Discovered with a Single TESS Transit
• A Data-Driven Technique for Measuring Stellar Rotation
• Secrets in the shadow: High precision stellar abundances of fast-rotating A-type exoplanet host stars through transit spectroscopy
• Asteroseismic determination of the stellar rotation period of the Kepler transiting planetary systems and its implications for the spin-orbit architecture
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• Migration and Evolution of giant ExoPlanets (MEEP) II: Super-Jupiters and Lithium-rich Host Stars
• Accretion of Planetary Material onto Host Stars
• Generation of inclined protoplanetary discs and misaligned planets through mass accretion I: Coplanar secondary discs
• Nonlinear tidal excitation of super-harmonic gravity waves in main-sequence stars in binary and exoplanetary systems
• Detection and characterisation of a 106-day transiting Jupiter : TOI-2449 b / NGTS-36 b
• PEPSI's non-detection of escaping hydrogen and metal lines adds to the enigma of WASP-12 b
• Formation of terrestrial planets in eccentric and inclined giant planet systems
• Bifurcated Evolutionary Pathways in Multi-planet Systems Driven by Misaligned Protoplanetary Disks
• Engulfment of a hot Jupiter as a possible origin of the rapid spin and internal spin misalignment of the planet-hosting red giant Kepler-56
• Yuti: A General-purpose Transit Simulator for Arbitrary Shaped Objects Orbiting Stars
• Planets spinning up their host stars: a twist on the age-activity relationship
• Re-recognized universality of Kozai oscillation on three-body dynamics
• Rotation of planet-harbouring stars
• TOI-1259Ab: A Warm Jupiter Orbiting a K-dwarf White-Dwarf Binary is on a Well-aligned Orbit
• Tidal interactions in rotating multiple stars and their impact on their evolution
• HARPS-N Reveals a Well-aligned Orbit for the Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter TOI-4127 b
• Further Evidence for Tidal Spin-Up of Hot Jupiter Host Stars
• Tidal star-planet interaction and its observed impact on stellar activity in planet-hosting wide binary systems
• Orbital alignment of HD 332231 b
• Planets in Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Search for Stellar Companions
• The EBLM Project XVIII. 3D Obliquities of Five Low-Mass Eclipsing Binaries
• Observational imprints of tidal internal gravity wave dissipation in star-planet systems
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• Nature vs. Nurture: Investigating the Effects of Measurement Uncertainties in the Assessment of Potential Trends Between Planetary and Stellar Properties
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Rossiter-McLaughlin Systems: Distinct $e$-$\lambda$ Trends in Three Gas-Giant Mass Regimes
• POSEIDON II: The Anti-Aligned Orbit of the Warm Neptune TOI-1710 A b
• TOI-6884b: A low-mass brown dwarf transiting a slightly evolved star
• Constraints on the Obliquities of Kepler Planet-Hosting Stars
• The Influence of General Relativity on the Spins of Celestial Bodies in Inclined Orbits
• The tidal interaction of an orbiting giant planet with a star near the Kraft break: the excitation of $r$-modes and the retention of orbital and spin angular momenta misalignment
• Multi-Wavelength High-Resolution Spectroscopy for Exoplanet Detection: Motivation, Instrumentation and First Results
• Exoplanet System Kepler-2 with comparisons to Kepler-1 and 13