Determination of Three-dimensional Spin-orbit Angle with Joint Analysis of Asteroseismology, Transit Lightcurve, and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect: Cases of HAT-P-7 and Kepler-25

Abstract

We develop a detailed methodology of determining three-dimensionally the angle between the stellar spin and the planetary orbit axis vectors, $\psi$, for transiting planetary systems. The determination of $\psi$ requires the independent estimates of the inclination angles of the stellar spin axis and of the planetary orbital axis with respect to the line-of-sight, $i_{\star }$ and $i_{\mathrm{orb}}$, and the projection of the spin--orbit angle onto the plane of the sky, $\lambda$. These are mainly derived from asteroseismology, transit lightcurve and the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, respectively. The detailed joint analysis of those three datasets enables an accurate and precise determination of the numerous parameters characterizing the planetary system, in addition to $\psi$. We demonstrate the power of the joint analysis for the two specific systems, HAT-P-7 and Kepler-25. HAT-P-7b is the first exoplanet suspected to be a retrograde (or polar) planet because of the significant misalignment $\lambda \approx 180^{\circ }$. Our joint analysis indicates $i_{\star }\approx 30D$ and $\psi \approx 120^{\circ }$, suggesting that the planetary orbit is closer to polar rather than retrograde. Kepler-25 is one of the few multi-transiting planetary systems with measured $\lambda$, and hosts two short-period transiting planets and one outer non-transiting planet. The projected spin--orbit angle of the larger transiting planet, Kepler-25c, has been measured to be $\lambda \approx 0^{\circ }$, implying that the system is well-aligned. With the help of the tight constraint from asteroseismology, however, we obtain $i_{\star }={65.4}_{-6.4}^{+10.6}$ and $\psi ={26.9}_{-9.2}^{+7.0}$, and thus find that the system is actually mildly misaligned.

arXiv comment20 pages, 13 Figures, 5 Tables

References in corpus (64)

• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA)
• Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Giant Planets, Oscillations, Rotation, and Massive Stars
• Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
• Shrinking binary and planetary orbits by Kozai cycles with tidal friction
• On the Unique Solution of Planet and Star Parameters from an Extrasolar Planet Transit Light Curve
• Hot Stars with Hot Jupiters Have High Obliquities
• Obliquities of Hot Jupiter host stars: Evidence for tidal interactions and primordial misalignments
• The effect of red noise on planetary transit detection
• Formation of Hot Planets by a combination of planet scattering, tidal circularization, and Kozai mechanism
• Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
• Testing Scaling Relations for Solar-Like Oscillations from the Main Sequence to Red Giants using Kepler Data
• ADIPLS -- the Aarhus adiabatic oscillation package
• Kepler-36: A Pair of Planets with Neighboring Orbits and Dissimilar Densities
• Friends of Hot Jupiters I: A Radial Velocity Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to Close-In Gas Giant Planets
• Measurement of Spin-Orbit Alignment in an Extrasolar Planetary System
• Chaotic star formation and the alignment of stellar rotation with disc and planetary orbital axes
• Correcting stellar oscillation frequencies for near-surface effects
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and analytic radial velocity curves for transiting extrasolar planetary systems
• Fundamental Properties of Kepler Planet-Candidate Host Stars using Asteroseismology
• Stellar Spin-Orbit Misalignment in a Multiplanet System
• Preparation of Kepler lightcurves for asteroseismic analyses
• Evidence of Possible Spin-Orbit Misalignment Along the Line of Sight in Transiting Exoplanet Systems
• Alignment of the stellar spin with the orbits of a three-planet system
• HAT-P-7b: An Extremely Hot Massive Planet Transiting a Bright Star in the Kepler Field
• Evolution of Spin Direction of Accreting Magnetic Protostars and Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Exoplanetary Systems
• Very Low-Density Planets around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event
• Asteroseismology of the solar analogs 16 Cyg A & B from Kepler observations
• Transit Timing Observations from Kepler: III. Confirmation of 4 Multiple Planet Systems by a Fourier-Domain Study of Anti-correlated Transit Timing Variations
• Tidal Dissipation in Planet-Hosting Stars: Damping of Spin-Orbit Misalignment and Survival of Hot Jupiters
• Improved Modeling of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for Transiting Exoplanets
• Asteroseismic determination of obliquities of the exoplanet systems Kepler-50 and Kepler-65
• Optical Phase Curves of Kepler Exoplanets
• Line-profile tomography of exoplanet transits I: The Doppler shadow of HD 189733b
• Low stellar obliquities in compact multiplanet systems
• Acoustic oscillations of rapidly rotating polytropic stars. II. Effects of the Coriolis and centrifugal accelerations
• Oscillation mode frequencies of 61 main sequence and subgiant stars observed by Kepler
• Asteroseismic Investigation of Known Planet Hosts in the Kepler Field
• The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot Jupiters I. Measuring photometric eccentricities of individual transiting planets
• Internal Gravity Waves Modulate the Apparent Misalignment of Exoplanets around Hot Stars
• Planet-Planet Eclipse and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of a Multiple Transiting System: Joint Analysis of the Subaru Spectroscopy and the Kepler Photometry
• Measurements of Stellar Inclinations for Kepler Planet Candidates
• What asteroseismology can do for exoplanets: Kepler-410A b is a Small Neptune around a bright star, in an eccentric orbit consistent with low obliquity
• Seismic constraints on rotation of Sun-like star and mass of exoplanet
• Analytic Description of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect for Transiting Exoplanets: Cross-Correlation Method and Comparison with Simulated Data
• Characterizing Distant Worlds with Asterodensity Profiling
• A fresh look at the seismic spectrum of HD49933: analysis of 180 days of CoRoT photometry
• The Transit Ingress and the Tilted Orbit of the Extraordinarily Eccentric Exoplanet HD 80606b
• Predicting Photometric and Spectroscopic Signatures of Rings around Transiting Extrasolar Planets
• The Impact of the Convective Blueshift Effect on Spectroscopic Planetary Transits
• Characterization of the KOI-94 System with Transit Timing Variation Analysis: Implication for the Planet-Planet Eclipse
• Tidal evolution of the spin-orbit angle in exoplanetary systems
• Kepler's Optical Secondary Eclipse of HAT-P-7b and Probable Detection of Planet-Induced Stellar Gravity Darkening
• Inferring mode inertias in evolved solar-like stars
• Properties of oscillation modes in subgiant stars observed by Kepler
• Solving the mode identification problem in asteroseismology of F stars observed with Kepler
• A Common Proper Motion Stellar Companion to HAT-P-7
• Properties of extrasolar planets and their host stars - a case study of HAT-P-7
• Investigation of systematic effects in Kepler data: Seasonal variations in the light curve of HAT-P-7b
• The EVIL-MC Model for Ellipsoidal Variations of Planet-Hosting Stars and Applications to the HAT-P-7 System
• Improved Measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect in the Exoplanetary System HD 17156
• Current methods for analyzing light curves of solar-like stars
• The acoustic low-degree modes of the Sun measured with 14 years of continuous GOLF & VIRGO measurements
• Successful Asteroseismology for a Better Characterization of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7b

Cited by in corpus (57)

• The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• Ages and fundamental properties of Kepler exoplanet host stars from asteroseismology
• Eccentricity from transit photometry: small planets in Kepler multi-planet systems have low eccentricities
• Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
• Asteroseismology of solar-type stars
• Oscillation frequencies for 35 \Kepler solar-type planet-hosting stars using Bayesian techniques and machine learning
• Nearly-uniform internal rotation of solar-like main-sequence stars revealed by space-based asteroseismology and spectroscopic measurements
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin effect in Exoplanet Research
• A Hot Saturn Orbiting An Oscillating Late Subgiant Discovered by TESS
• Kepler-432: a red giant interacting with one of its two long period giant planets
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• Spin-orbit alignment of exoplanet systems: ensemble analysis using asteroseismology
• Characterizing solar-type stars from full-length Kepler data sets using the Asteroseismic Modeling Portal
• DREAM I. Orbital architecture orrery
• A 20-Second Cadence View of Solar-Type Stars and Their Planets with TESS: Asteroseismology of Solar Analogs and a Re-characterization of pi Men c
• Spin-Orbit Angles of Kepler-13Ab and HAT-P-7b from Gravity-Darkened Transit Light Curves
• Asteroseismic modelling of solar-type stars: internal systematics from input physics and surface correction methods
• Stellar Spin-Orbit Alignment for Kepler-9, a Multi-transiting Planetary system with Two Outer Planets Near 2:1 Resonance
• A well aligned orbit for the 45 Myr old transiting Neptune DS Tuc Ab
• Spi-OPS: Spitzer and CHEOPS confirm the near-polar orbit of MASCARA-1 b and reveal a hint of dayside reflection
• DREAM II. The spin-orbit angle distribution of close-in exoplanets under the lens of tides
• The warm Neptunes around HD 106315 have low stellar obliquities
• Fundamental properties of Kepler and CoRoT targets: III. Tuning scaling relations using the first adiabatic exponent
• Absolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
• The misaligned orbit of the Earth-sized planet Kepler-408b
• The Curious Case of KOI 4: Confirming Kepler's First Exoplanet
• Statistical Trends in the Obliquity Distribution of Exoplanet Systems
• Deriving stellar inclination of slow rotators using stellar activity
• Towards Detection of Exoplanetary Rings Via Transit Photometry: Methodology and a Possible Candidate
• DREAM: III.A helium survey in exoplanets on the edge of the hot Neptune desert with GIANO-B@TNG
• Spin-Orbit Misalignment and Precession in the Kepler-13Ab Planetary System
• Robust Transiting Exoplanet Radii in the Presence of Starspots from Ingress and Egress Durations
• Stellar Obliquities & Planetary Alignments (SOPA) I. Spin-Orbit measurements of Three Transiting Hot Jupiters: WASP-72b, WASP-100b, & WASP-109b
• Reassessing the Evidence for Time Variability in the Atmosphere of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7 b
• TESS Asteroseismic Analysis of the Known Exoplanet Host Star HD 222076
• Fundamental properties of Kepler and CoRoT targets -- IV. Masses and radii from frequencies of minimum $\Delta \nu$ and their implications
• The GAPS programme at TNG XLIV. Projected rotational velocities of 273 exoplanet-host stars observed with HARPS-N
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). III. On the Relocation of the Kepler-9~b Transit
• Cosmic evolution of black hole-spin and galaxy orientations: clues from the NewHorizon and Galactica simulations
• A third star in the HAT-P-7 system, and a new dynamical pathway to misaligned hot Jupiters
• Asteroseismic Investigation of 20 Planet and Planet-Candidate Host Stars
• Revisiting a gravity-darkened and precessing planetary system PTFO 8-8695: spin-orbit non-synchronous case
• Efficient and precise transit light curves for rapidly-rotating, oblate stars
• The DEdicated MONitor of EXotransits (DEMONEX): Seven Transits of XO-4b
• Difficulty in Formation of Counter-orbiting Hot Jupiters from Near-coplanar Hierarchical Triple Systems: A Sub-stellar Perturber
• Meta-analysis of photometric and asteroseismic measurements of stellar rotation periods: the Lomb-Scargle periodogram, autocorrelation function, wavelet and rotational splitting analysis for 92 Kepler asteroseismic targets
• TESS Asteroseismic Analysis of HD 76920: The Giant Star Hosting An Extremely Eccentric Exoplanet
• Possible Outcomes of Coplanar High-eccentricity Migration: Hot Jupiters, Close-in Super-Earths, and Counter-orbiting Planets
• Lessons from Hubble and Spitzer: 1D Self-Consistent Model Grids for 19 Hot Jupiter Emission Spectra
• Asteroseismic determination of the stellar rotation period of the Kepler transiting planetary systems and its implications for the spin-orbit architecture
• Using asteroseismology to characterise exoplanet host stars
• Exoplanet System Kepler-2 with comparisons to Kepler-1 and 13
• Constraints on the Obliquities of Kepler Planet-Hosting Stars
• Disentangling the stellar inclination of transiting planetary systems: fully analytic approach to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect incorporating the stellar differential rotation
• Evidence for the Late Arrival of Hot Jupiters in Systems with High Host-star Obliquities
• Analytic model for photometric variation due to starspots on a differentially rotating star