Spi-OPS: Spitzer and CHEOPS confirm the near-polar orbit of MASCARA-1 b and reveal a hint of dayside reflection

Abstract

The light curves of tidally locked hot Jupiters transiting fast-rotating, early-type stars are a rich source of information about both the planet and star, with full-phase coverage enabling a detailed atmospheric characterisation of the planet. Although it is possible to determine the true spin-orbit angle $\Psi$, a notoriously difficult parameter to measure, from any transit asymmetry resulting from gravity darkening induced by the stellar rotation, the correlations that exist between the transit parameters have led to large disagreements in published values of $\Psi$ for some systems. We aimed to study these phenomena in the light curves of the ultra-hot Jupiter MASCARA-1 b. We obtained optical CHEOPS transit and occultation light curves of MASCARA-1 b, and analysed them jointly with a Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 $\mu$m full-phase curve. When fitting the CHEOPS and Spitzer transits together, the degeneracies are greatly diminished and return results consistent with previously published Doppler tomography. Placing priors informed by the tomography achieves even better precision, allowing a determination of $\Psi =72.1_{-2.4}^{+2.5}$ deg. From the occultations and phase variations, we derived dayside and nightside temperatures of $3062_{-68}^{+66}$ K and $1720\pm 330$ K, respectively. In addition, we could separately derive geometric albedo $A_g=0.171_{-0.068}^{+0.066}$ and spherical albedo $A_s=0.266_{-0.100}^{+0.097}$ from the CHEOPS data, and Bond albedo $A_B=0.057_{-0.101}^{+0.083}$ from the Spitzer phase curve. Where possible, priors informed by Doppler tomography should be used when fitting transits of fast-rotating stars, though multi-colour photometry may also unlock an accurate measurement of $\Psi$. Our approach to modelling the phase variations at different wavelengths provides a template for how to separate thermal emission from reflected light in spectrally resolved JWST phase curves.

26 pages, 16 figures. Accepted in A&A

References in corpus (47)

• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Parallax bias versus magnitude, colour, and position
• The CHEOPS mission
• A giant planet undergoing extreme ultraviolet irradiation by its hot massive-star host
• CLES, Code Liegeois d'Evolution Stellaire
• PyTransit: Fast and Easy Exoplanet Transit Modelling in Python
• Changing Phases of Alien Worlds: Probing Atmospheres of Kepler Planets with High-Precision Photometry
• Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178
• Orbital misalignment of the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b with the spin of its cool star
• Self-luminous and irradiated exoplanetary atmospheres explored with HELIOS
• Atmospheric Characterization of the Hot Jupiter Kepler-13Ab
• Revising the ages of planet-hosting stars
• The Transit Light Curve Project. VII. The Not-So-Bloated Exoplanet HAT-P-1b
• The hot dayside and asymmetric transit of WASP-189b seen by CHEOPS
• Determination of Three-dimensional Spin-orbit Angle with Joint Analysis of Asteroseismology, Transit Lightcurve, and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect: Cases of HAT-P-7 and Kepler-25
• 3D Structures of equatorial waves and the resulting superrotation in the atmosphere of a tidally locked hot Jupiter
• A Preponderance of Perpendicular Planets
• A Misaligned Prograde Orbit for Kepler-13 Ab via Doppler Tomography
• Transit detection of the long-period volatile-rich super-Earth ${\nu }^2$ Lupi d with $CHEOPS$
• CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii
• Evidence for H${}_2$ Dissociation and Recombination Heat Transport in the Atmosphere of KELT-9b
• The atmosphere of HD 209458b seen with ESPRESSO. No detectable planetary absorptions at high resolution
• A sub-Neptune sized planet transiting the M2.5-dwarf G 9-40: Validation with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• A Comprehensive Reanalysis of $\text{Spitzer}$'s 4.5 $\mu$m Phase Curves, and the Phase Variations of the Ultra-hot Jupiters MASCARA-1b and KELT-16b
• Visible-light Phase Curves from the Second Year of the TESS Primary Mission
• Spin-Orbit Angles of Kepler-13Ab and HAT-P-7b from Gravity-Darkened Transit Light Curves
• TESS unveils the phase curve of WASP-33b. Characterization of the planetary atmosphere and the pulsations from the star
• KELT-9 b's Asymmetric TESS Transit Caused by Rapid Stellar Rotation and Spin-Orbit Misalignment
• CHEOPS Precision Phase Curve of the Super-Earth 55 Cnc e
• Evidence for Spin-orbit Alignment in the TRAPPIST-1 System
• Introducing a New Spitzer Master BLISS Map to Remove the Instrument-Systematic -- Phase-Curve-Parameter Degeneracy, as Demonstrated by a Reanalysis of the 4.5$\mu m$ WASP-43b Phase Curve
• Closed-formed ab initio solutions of geometric albedos and reflected light phase curves of exoplanets
• Observed spectral energy distribution of the thermal emission from the dayside of WASP-46b
• A transit survey to search for planets around hot subdwarfs: I. methods and performance tests on light curves from Kepler, K2, TESS, and CHEOPS
• The EBLM project -- VIII. First results for M-dwarf mass, radius and effective temperature measurements using CHEOPS light curves
• Gravity-Darkening Analysis of Misaligned Hot Jupiter MASCARA-4 b
• Spin-Orbit Alignment For 110-Day-Period KOI368.01 From Gravity Darkening
• Spin-Orbit Misalignment and Precession in the Kepler-13Ab Planetary System
• A Window on Exoplanet Dynamical Histories: Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b
• The clockwork is moving on -- a combined analysis of TESS and Kepler measurements of Kepler-13Ab
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXI. The WASP-33 system revisited with HARPS-N
• Storms or Systematics? The changing secondary eclipse depth of WASP-12b
• Doppler Tomographic Measurement of the Nodal Precession of WASP-33b
• Jupiter as an Exoplanet: Insights from Cassini Phase Curves
• Rapid rotators revisited: absolute dimensions of KOI-13
• Physically-motivated basis functions for temperature maps of exoplanets
• Phase curve and variability analysis of WASP-12b using TESS photometry

Cited by in corpus (32)

• Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems
• The atmosphere and architecture of WASP-189 b probed by its CHEOPS phase curve
• CHEOPS geometric albedo of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b
• DREAM II. The spin-orbit angle distribution of close-in exoplanets under the lens of tides
• Black Mirror: The impact of rotational broadening on the search for reflected light from 51 Pegasi b with high resolution spectroscopy
• Examining the orbital decay targets KELT-9 b, KELT-16 b and WASP-4 b, and the transit-timing variations of HD 97658 b
• Transmission spectroscopy of MASCARA-1b with ESPRESSO: Challenges of overlapping orbital and Doppler tracks
• Three new brown dwarfs and a massive hot Jupiter revealed by TESS around early-type stars
• The stable climate of KELT-9b
• The phase curve and the geometric albedo of WASP-43b measured with CHEOPS, TESS and HST WFC3/UVIS
• High-resolution emission spectroscopy retrievals of MASCARA-1b with CRIRES+: Strong detections of CO, H${}_2$O and Fe emission lines and a C$/$O consistent with solar
• CHEOPS finds KELT-1b darker than expected in visible light: Discrepancy between the CHEOPS and TESS eclipse depths
• Combined analysis of stellar and planetary absorption lines via global forward-transit simulations
• HIP 33609 b: An Eccentric Brown Dwarf Transiting a V=7.3 Rapidly Rotating B-Star
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets-XIX. A system including a cold sub-Neptune potentially transiting a V = 6.5 star HD88986
• The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey. III: The detection of FeI, CrI and TiI in the atmosphere of MASCARA-1 b through high-resolution emission spectroscopy
• Titanium chemistry of WASP-121 b with ESPRESSO in 4-UT mode
• Nodal Precession of WASP-33b for Eleven Years by Doppler Tomographic and Transit Photometric Observations
• CHEOPS and TESS view of the ultra-short period super-Earth TOI-561 b
• HD 56414 b: A Warm Neptune Transiting an A-type Star
• Discovery of TOI-1260d and the characterisation of the multi-planet system
• Dark skies of the slightly eccentric WASP-18 b from its optical-to-infrared dayside emission
• New perspectives on MASCARA-1b: A combined analysis of pre- and post-eclipse emission data using CRIRES+
• Discovery of a substellar companion in the TESS light curve of the $\delta$ Scuti/$\gamma$ Doradus hybrid pulsator HD 31221
• Small and Close-In Planets are Uncommon Around A-type Stars
• The low density, hot Jupiter TOI-640 b is on a polar orbit
• True spin-orbit obliquities distribution: data-driven confirmation of no clustering of misaligned planets
• The CHEOPS view on the climate of WASP-3 b
• Search for Exoplanetary Ring Systems with TESS
• CHEOPS observations confirm nodal precession in the WASP-33 system
• A First Look at CRIRES+: Performance Assessment and Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• TESS phase curve of ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-189 b