Two Suns in The Sky: Stellar Multiplicity in Exoplanet Systems

Abstract

We present results of a reconnaissance for stellar companions to all 131 radial-velocity-detected candidate extrasolar planetary systems known as of July 1, 2005. CPM companions were investigated using the multi-epoch DSS images, and confirmed by matching the trigonometric parallax distances of the primaries to companion distances estimated photometrically. We also attempt to confirm or refute companions listed in the Washington Double Star Catalog, the Catalogs of Nearby Stars, in Hipparcos results, and in Duquennoy & Mayor (1991). Our findings indicate that a lower limit of 30 (23%) of the 131 exoplanet systems have stellar companions. We report new stellar companions to HD 38529 and HD 188015, and a new candidate companion to HD 169830. We confirm many previously reported stellar companions, including six stars in five systems that are recognized for the first time as companions to exoplanet hosts. We have found evidence that 20 entries in the Washington Double Star Catalog are not gravitationally bound companions. At least three, and possibly five, of the exoplanet systems reside in triple star systems. Three exoplanet systems have potentially close-in stellar companions ~ 20 AU away from the primary. Finally, two of the exoplanet systems contain white dwarf companions. This comprehensive assessment of exoplanet systems indicates that solar systems are found in a variety of stellar multiplicity environments - singles, binaries, and triples; and that planets survive the post-main-sequence evolution of companion stars.

52 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (38)

• Long-Term Stability of Planets in Binary Systems
• Radial Velocities for 889 Late-type Stars
• The SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Paper I: Introduction and Description
• The second US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC2)
• The Discovery of a Planetary Companion to 16 Cygni B
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Northern Sample I
• A Catalog of Northern Stars With Annual Proper Motions Larger Than 0.15 Seconds of Arc (LSPM catalog - North)
• Observed Properties of Exoplanets: Masses, Orbits, and Metallicities
• Stellar Companions to Stars with Planets
• A Planetary Companion to gamma Cephei A
• The CORALIE survey for southern extra-solar planets. XII. Orbital solutions for 16 extra-solar planets discovered with CORALIE
• The SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey. Paper II: Image detection, parameterisation, classification and photometry
• Six New Planets from the Keck Precision Velocity Survey
• HD 80606 b, a planet on an extremely elongated orbit
• Statistical properties of exoplanets III. Planet properties and stellar multiplicity
• A pair of planets around HD 202206 or a circumbinary planet?
• A Planet at 5 AU Around 55 Cancri
• High Orbital Eccentricities of Extrasolar Planets Induced by the Kozai Mechanism
• The Solar Neighborhood X: New Nearby Stars in the Southern Sky and Accurate Photometric Distance Estimates for Red Dwarfs
• Planetary Companions Around Two Solar Type Stars: HD 195019 and HD 217107
• Three Wide-Separation L dwarf Companions from the Two Micron All Sky Survey: Gl 337C, Gl 618.1B, and HD 89744B
• Gl86B: a white dwarf orbits an exoplanet host star
• Abundance differences between components of wide binaries
• The Solar Neighborhood VI: New Southern Stars Identified by Optical Spectroscopy
• Multi-order TODCOR: application to observations taken with the CORALIE echelle spectrograph
• Coronagraphic Survey for Companions of Stars within 8 pc
• An Adaptive Optics Search for Companions to Stars with Planets
• Analysis of the Hipparcos Observations of the Extrasolar Planets and the Brown-Dwarf Candidates
• The Solar Neighborhood VIII: Discovery of New High Proper Motion Nearby Stars Using the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey
• Four new wide binaries among exoplanet host stars
• A Planet Candidate in the Stellar Triple System HD178911
• Screening the Hipparcos-based astrometric orbits of sub-stellar objects
• The ELODIE survey for northern extra-solar planets II. A Jovian planet on a long-period orbit around GJ 777 A
• A Distant Stellar Companion in the Upsilon Andromedae System
• A low-mass stellar companion of the planet host star HD75289
• Meeting the Cool Neighbours, II: Photometry of southern NLTT stars
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XIV. HD 142022 b: a long-period planetary companion in a wide binary
• Astrometric confirmation of a wide low-mass companion to the planet host star HD89744

Cited by in corpus (130)

• A Survey of Stellar Families: Multiplicity of Solar-Type Stars
• Shrinking binary and planetary orbits by Kozai cycles with tidal friction
• The Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Effect and Its Applications
• Ten New and Updated Multi-planet Systems, and a Survey of Exoplanetary Systems
• On the Formation of Hot Jupiters in Stellar Binaries
• Five Planets Orbiting 55 Cancri
• Wide companions to Hipparcos stars within 67 pc of the Sun
• Properties of planets in binary systems. The role of binary separation
• A Resolved Census of Millimeter Emission from Taurus Multiple Star Systems
• Hot Jupiters in binary star systems
• Planetary System Disruption by Galactic Perturbations to Wide Binary Stars
• XO-2b: Transiting Hot Jupiter in a Metal-rich Common Proper Motion Binary
• Statistics of Long Period Gas Giant Planets in Known Planetary Systems
• Extrasolar planets in stellar multiple systems
• Binarity of Transit Host Stars - Implications on Planetary Parameters
• Terrestrial Planet Formation Around Individual Stars Within Binary Star Systems
• Influence of Stellar Multiplicity On Planet Formation. II. Planets Are Less Common in Multiple-Star Systems with Separations Smaller than 1500 AU
• Stellar companions to exoplanet host stars: Lucky Imaging of transiting planet hosts
• Observable Signatures of Planet Accretion in Red Giant Stars I: Rapid Rotation and Light Element Replenishment
• The frequency of planets in multiple systems
• Binarity as a key factor in protoplanetary disk evolution: Spitzer disk census of the eta Chamaeleontis cluster
• Planetesimal and gas dynamics in binaries
• HD3651B: the first directly imaged brown dwarf companion of an exoplanet host star
• Planetary Systems in Binaries. I. Dynamical Classification
• Circumstellar disks in binary star systems
• The Anglo-Australian Planet Search. XXII. Two New Multi-Planet Systems
• Binaries Among Debris Disk Stars
• Multi-Planet Destabilisation and Escape in Post-Main Sequence Systems
• Truncated Disks in TW Hya Association Multiple Star Systems
• The multiplicity of exoplanet host stars - New low-mass stellar companions of the exoplanet host stars HD125612 and HD212301
• Planet formation in binary systems: A separation-dependent mechanism?
• Observations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks
• Possible constraints on exoplanet magnetic field strengths from planet-star interaction
• Planet formation in Alpha Centauri A revisited: not so accretion-friendly after all
• The Physical Properties of HD 3651B: An Extrasolar Nemesis?
• New prospects for observing and cataloguing exoplanets in well detached binaries
• A high binary fraction for the most massive close-in giant planets and brown dwarf desert members
• A comprehensive statistical assessment of star-planet interaction
• On the Likelihood of Planet Formation in Close Binaries
• An Ultraviolet Investigation of Activity on Exoplanet Host Stars
• The Great Escape II: Exoplanet Ejection from Dying Multiple Star Systems
• S-Type and P-Type Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems: A Comprehensive Approach. I. Method and Applications
• The multiplicity of exoplanet host stars - Spectroscopic confirmation of the companions GJ3021B and HD27442B, one new planet host triple-star system, and global statistics
• Impact of Stellar Dynamics on the Frequency of Giant Planets in Close Binaries
• The Planet Host Star Gamma Cephei: Physical Properties, the Binary Orbit, and the Mass of the Substellar Companion
• Common Proper Motion Companions to Nearby Stars: Ages and Evolution
• Know the Star, Know the Planet. II. Speckle Interferometry of Exoplanet Host Stars
• A giant planet in the triple system HD132563
• Disk Truncation and Planet Formation in gamma Cephei
• Imaging the Molecular Disk Orbiting the Twin Young Suns of V4046 Sgr
• The XUV environments of exoplanets from Jupiter-size to super-Earth
• Orbital and Evolutionary Constraints on the Planet Hosting Binary GJ 86 from the Hubble Space Telescope
• Origin and Dynamics of the Mutually Inclined Orbits of Upsilon Andromedae c and d
• Stellar Multiplicity and Debris Disks: An Unbiased Sample
• Planetpol polarimetry of the exoplanet systems 55 Cnc and tau Boo
• The multiplicity of planet host stars - New low-mass companions to planet host stars
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars II
• S-Type and P-Type Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems: A Comprehensive Approach. II. Elliptical Orbits
• Dynamics of Planetesimals due to Gas Drag from an Eccentric Precessing Disk
• The GAPS programme with HARPS-N@TNG IV: A planetary system around XO-2S
• Know the Star, Know the Planet. I. Adaptive Optics of Exoplanet Host Stars
• A Pan-STARRS1 study of the relationship between wide binarity and planet occurrence in the Kepler field
• Prospects of the Detection of Circumbinary Planets With Kepler and CoRoT Using the Variations of Eclipse Timing
• Geometrical and Physical Properties of Circumbinary Discs in Eccentric Stellar Binaries
• Detailed chemical compositions of the wide binary HD 80606/80607: revised stellar properties and constraints on planet formation
• Dynamical and Observational Constraints on Additional Planets in Highly Eccentric Planetary Systems
• The DODO Survey II: A Gemini Direct Imaging Search for Substellar and Planetary Mass Companions around Nearby Equatorial and Northern Hemisphere White Dwarfs
• The Solar Neighborhood XXIX: The Habitable Real Estate of our Nearest Stellar Neighbors
• The Stability of the Suggested Planet in the nu Octantis System: A Numerical and Statistical Study
• Formation of Protoplanets from Massive Planetesimals in Binary Systems
• Precise radial velocities of giant stars V. A brown dwarf and a planet orbiting the K giant stars tau Gem and 91 Aqr
• Detection and Characterization of Planets in Binary and Multiple Systems
• No evidence of a hot Jupiter around HD 188753 A
• Eccentricity in planetary systems and the role of binarity: sample definition, initial results, and the system of HD 211847
• The Evolution of Circumstellar Disks in Ophiuchus Binaries
• Disk Detective: Discovery of New Circumstellar Disk Candidates through Citizen Science
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57-531906.1
• Application of chaos indicators in the study of dynamics of S-type extrasolar planets in stellar binaries
• Dynamics and habitability in circumstellar planetary systems of known binary stars
• A Stability Timescale for Non-Hierarchical Three-Body Systems
• Know the Star, Know the Planet. III. Discovery of Late-Type Companions to Two Exoplanet Host Stars
• Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry of Inner Region of GG Tau A Disk
• Ammonia Imaging of the Disks in the NGC 1333 IRAS 4A Protobinary System
• Target star catalog for Darwin: Nearby Stellar sample for a search for terrestrial planets
• Stellar Aspects of Habitability: Characterizing Target Stars for Terrestrial Planet Search Missions
• Massive Protoplanetary Disks in Orion Beyond the Trapezium Cluster
• Detailed Abundances of Planet-Hosting Wide Binaries. II. HD80606 + HD80607
• Evolutionary Constraints on the Planet-Hosting Subgiant Epsilon Reticulum from its White Dwarf Companion
• A complete census of planet-hosting binaries
• Line-depth-ratio temperatures for the close binary nu Octantis: new evidence supporting the conjectured retrograde planet
• Emerging trends in metallicity and lithium properties of debris disc stars
• Herbig AeBe stars: Multiplicity and consequences
• The Instability Transition for the Restricted 3-Body Problem. III. The Lyapunov Exponent Criterion
• Planetary Dynamics and Habitable Planet Formation In Binary Star Systems
• Detection and Characterization of Extrasolar Planets through Doppler Spectroscopy
• Forming Different Planetary Systems
• Multiplicity of stars with planets in the solar neighbourhood
• Fundamental stellar parameters of benchmark stars from CHARA interferometry -- II. Dwarf stars
• Mutual inclinations between giant planets and their debris discs in HD 113337 and HD 38529
• S-Type and P-Type Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems: A Comprehensive Approach III. Results for Mars, Earth, and super-Earth Planets
• On the frequency of planetary systems around G-dwarfs
• Regions of Dynamical Stability for Discs and Planets in Binary Stars of the Solar Neighborhood
• Luminaries in the Sky: The TESS Legacy Sample of Bright Stars. I. Asteroseismic detections in naked-eye main-sequence and sub-giant solar-like oscillators
• Precision Astrometry of a Sample of Speckle Binaries and Multiples with the Adaptive Optics Facilities at the Hale and Keck II Telescopes
• Astrophysics in 2006
• Coronal X-ray emission and planetary irradiation in HD 209458
• The PHASES Differential Astrometry Data Archive. III. Limits to Tertiary Companions
• Chasing extreme planetary architectures: I- HD196885Ab, a super-Jupiter dancing with two stars?
• An Early Catalog of Planet Hosting Multiple Star Systems of Order Three and Higher
• Statistical properties of habitable zones in stellar binary systems
• Detailed abundances of the wide pairs of stars with and without planets: the binary systems 16 Cyg and HD 219542
• A dynamical origin for planets in triple star systems
• An Edge-On Orbit for the Eccentric Long-Period Planet HR 5183 b
• Pervasive Orbital Eccentricities Dictate the Habitability of Extrasolar Earths
• The Habitable Zone of Kepler-16: Impact of Binarity and Climate Models
• Fitting Formulae and Constraints for the Existence of S-type and P-type Habitable Zones
• Enlarging habitable zones around binary stars in hostile environments
• Fear the Shadows of the Giants: On Secular Perturbations in Circumstellar Habitable Zones of Double Stars
• Formation of massive planets in binary star systems
• 94 Ceti: a triple star with a planet and dust disc
• Induced Kozai Migration and Formation of Close-in Planets in Binaries
• Dead Zones of Classical Habitability in Stellar Binary Systems
• Know the Star, Know the Planet. V. Characterization of the Stellar Companion to the Exoplanet Host HD 177830
• Continued Kinematic and Photometric Investigations of Hierarchical Solar-Type Multiple Star Systems
• On the Nature of the Purported Common Proper Motion Companions to the Exoplanet Host Star 51 Peg
• Binary frequency of planet-host stars at wide separations: A new brown dwarf companion to a planet-host star
• Orbital Stability of Planets in Binary Systems: A New Look at Old Results
• Habitable Planet Formation in Extreme Planetary Systems: Systems with Multiple Stars and/or Multiple Planets
• Planet formation in intermediate-separation binary systems