The Magellan-TESS Survey I: Survey Description and Mid-Survey Results

Abstract

$Kepler$ revealed that roughly one-third of Sun-like stars host planets orbiting within 100 days and between the size of Earth and Neptune. How do these planets form, what are they made of, and do they represent a continuous population or multiple populations? To help address these questions, we began the Magellan-TESS Survey (MTS), which uses Magellan II/PFS to obtain radial velocity (RV) masses of 30 TESS-detected exoplanets and develops an analysis framework that connects observed planet distributions to underlying populations. In the past, small planet RV measurements have been challenging to obtain due to host star faintness and low RV semi-amplitudes, and challenging to interpret due to the potential biases in target selection and observation planning decisions. The MTS attempts to minimize these biases by focusing on bright TESS targets and employing a quantitative selection function and observing strategy. In this paper, we (1) describe our motivation and survey strategy, (2) present our first catalog of planet density constraints for 27 TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs; 22 in our population analysis sample, 12 that are members of the same systems), and (3) employ a hierarchical Bayesian model to produce preliminary constraints on the mass-radius (M-R) relation. We find that the biases causing previous M-R relations to predict fairly high masses at $1R_{\oplus }$ have been reduced. This work can inform more detailed studies of individual systems and offer a framework that can be applied to future RV surveys with the goal of population inferences.

arXiv commentMinor updates to some masses, and new exploration of broken power law M-R relation. 66 pages (now some figures moved to figure sets, will be in HTML published version). Accepted to ApJS on June 22, 2021

References in corpus (142)

• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• MultiNest: an efficient and robust Bayesian inference tool for cosmology and particle physics
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• Improved Age Estimation for Solar-Type Dwarfs Using Activity-Rotation Diagnostics
• Bayes in the sky: Bayesian inference and model selection in cosmology
• The WASP Project and the SuperWASP Cameras
• Planet Occurrence within 0.25 AU of Solar-type Stars from Kepler
• The false positive rate of Kepler and the occurrence of planets
• batman: BAsic Transit Model cAlculatioN in Python
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning II - A Bayesian Approach to Systematic Error Correction
• Fast and scalable Gaussian process modeling with applications to astronomical time series
• The Revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• Importance Nested Sampling and the MultiNest Algorithm
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb darkening coefficients for two-parameter laws
• Ages for illustrative field stars using gyrochronology: viability, limitations and errors
• Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
• The Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Effect and Its Applications
• Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning I - Architecture and Algorithms for Error Correction in Kepler Light Curves
• Kepler planets: a tale of evaporation
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• No planet for HD 166435
• The evaporation valley in the Kepler planets
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• The TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List
• The Occurrence Rate of Small Planets around Small Stars
• Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds
• The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii
• Wide-field millimagnitude photometry with HAT: A Tool for Extra-solar Planet Detection
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite: Simulations of planet detections and astrophysical false positives
• Internal Structure of Massive Terrestrial Planets
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample
• RadVel: The Radial Velocity Modeling Toolkit
• The California Kepler Survey VII. Precise Planet Radii Leveraging Gaia DR2 Reveal the Stellar Mass Dependence of the Planet Radius Gap
• Planets and Stellar Activity: Hide and Seek in the CoRoT-7 system
• An asteroseismic view of the radius valley: stripped cores, not born rocky
• The Role of Core Mass in Controlling Evaporation: the Kepler Radius Distribution and the Kepler-36 Density Dichotomy
• Chromospheric Activity and Jitter Measurements for 2630 Stars on the California Planet Search
• Core-powered mass loss and the radius distribution of small exoplanets
• Improving the Efficiency of Markov Chain Monte Carlo for Analyzing the Orbits of Extrasolar Planets
• Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
• Spectrum radial velocity analyser (SERVAL). High-precision radial velocities and two alternative spectral indicators
• The LCES HIRES/Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey
• The Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula: In-Situ Formation of Close-In Super-Earths
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25
• A Gaussian process framework for modelling stellar activity signals in radial velocity data
• Sculpting the Valley in the Radius Distribution of Small Exoplanets as a by-product of Planet Formation: The Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism
• How Thermal Evolution and Mass Loss Sculpt Populations of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes: Application to the Kepler-11 System and Beyond
• Breaking the Chains: Hot Super-Earth systems from migration and disruption of compact resonant chains
• Terrestrial Planet Occurrence Rates for the Kepler GK Dwarf Sample
• Planetary population synthesis coupled with atmospheric escape: a statistical view of evaporation
• Can we constrain interior structure of rocky exoplanets from mass and radius measurements?
• Juliet: a versatile modelling tool for transiting and non-transiting exoplanetary systems
• Kepler Data Validation I -- Architecture, Diagnostic Tests, and Data Products for Vetting Transiting Planet Candidates
• Dynamic nested sampling: an improved algorithm for parameter estimation and evidence calculation
• Migration then assembly: Formation of Neptune mass planets inside 1 AU
• A Revised Exoplanet Yield from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
• Stellar Abundances in the Solar Neighborhood: The Hypatia Catalog
• Breeding Super-Earths and Birthing Super-Puffs in Transitional Disks
• Spectroscopic stellar parameters for 582 FGK stars in the HARPS volume-limited sample. Revising the metallicity-planet correlation
• Planetary detection limits taking into account stellar noise. I. Observational strategies to reduce stellar oscillation and granulation effects
• Compositional imprints in density-distance-time: a rocky composition for close-in low-mass exoplanets from the location of the valley of evaporation
• Make Super-Earths, Not Jupiters: Accreting Nebular Gas onto Solid Cores at 0.1 AU and Beyond
• Testing In Situ Assembly with the Kepler Planet Candidate Sample
• Probabilistic Mass-Radius Relationship for Sub-Neptune-Sized Planets
• Kepler Data Validation II -- Transit Model Fitting and Multiple-Planet Search
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• The Mass of Kepler-93b and The Composition of Terrestrial Planets
• Evolutionary Analysis of Gaseous Sub-Neptune-Mass Planets with MESA
• Stellar activity of planetary host star HD 189733
• Long-term magnetic activity of a sample of M-dwarf stars from the HARPS program I. Comparison of activity indices
• Inferring the eccentricity distribution
• Bulk Composition of GJ 1214b and other sub-Neptune exoplanets
• TESS Discovery of a Transiting Super-Earth in the $\pi$ Mensae System
• Signatures of the Core-Powered Mass-Loss Mechanism in the Exoplanet Population: Dependence on Stellar Properties and Observational Predictions
• An Excess of Jupiter Analogs in Super-Earth Systems
• The Super Earth-Cold Jupiter Relations
• Observable Consequences of Planet Formation Models in Systems with Close-in Terrestrial Planets
• The Formation of Super-Earths and Mini-Neptunes with Giant Impacts
• Determining the Mass of Kepler-78b With Nonparametric Gaussian Process Estimation
• How formation time-scales affect the period dependence of the transition between rocky super-Earths and gaseous sub-Neptunes and implications for ${\eta }_{\oplus }$
• No universal minimum-mass extrasolar nebula: Evidence against in-situ accretion of systems of hot super-Earths
• Li abundances in F stars: planets, rotation and galactic evolution
• Hot super-Earths and giant planet cores from different migration histories
• Formation of close in Super-Earths \& Mini-Neptunes: Required Disk Masses \& Their Implications
• The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-Sized Planets Orbiting a Nearby M-dwarf
• Planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 357 including a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet optimal for atmospheric characterization
• TESS's first planet: a super-Earth transiting the naked-eye star $\pi$ Mensae
• The Precision of Mass Measurements Required for Robust Atmospheric Characterization of Transiting Exoplanets
• A Spectroscopic Analysis of the California-Kepler Survey Sample: I. Stellar Parameters, Planetary Radii and a Slope in the Radius Gap
• A giant impact as the likely origin of different twins in the Kepler-107 exoplanet system
• Radial-Velocity Fitting Challenge. II. First results of the analysis of the data set
• Correcting HIRES radial velocities for small systematic errors
• Stealing the Gas: Giant Impacts and the Large Diversity in Exoplanet Densities
• Kepler-21b: A rocky planet around a V = 8.25 magnitude star
• Terrestrial Planet Formation at Home and Abroad
• Three Red Suns in the Sky: A Transiting, Terrestrial Planet in a Triple M Dwarf System at 6.9 Parsecs
• Giant Impact: An Efficient Mechanism for the Devolatilization of Super-Earths
• Chemical Fingerprints of Formation in Rocky Super-Earths' Data
• Homogeneous Analysis of Hot Earths: Masses, Sizes, and Compositions
• Chromospheric activity of Southern Stars from the Magellan Planet Search Program
• Primordial Radius Gap and Potentially Broad Core Mass Distributions of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Evidence for a high mutual inclination between the cold Jupiter and transiting super Earth orbiting $\pi$ Men
• CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii
• TESS delivers its first Earth-sized planet and a warm sub-Neptune
• Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS: two confirmed terrestrial planets and a mass upper limit on the third
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVII. New and updated long period and massive planets
• A probable planetary companion to HD 39091 from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Radial velocity confirmation of K2-100b: a young, highly irradiated, and low density transiting hot Neptune
• Spectral Properties of Cool Stars: Extended Abundance Analysis of Kepler Objects of Interest
• HD 213885b: A transiting 1-day-period super-Earth with an Earth-like composition around a bright ($V=7.9$) star unveiled by TESS
• A precise architecture characterization of the $\pi$ Men planetary system
• Predicting Exoplanets Mass and Radius: A Nonparametric Approach
• Mass-Radius relationship for M dwarf exoplanets: Comparing nonparametric and parametric methods
• A Joint Mass-Radius-Period Distribution of Exoplanets
• A hot terrestrial planet orbiting the bright M dwarf L 168-9 unveiled by TESS
• Do Metal-Rich Stars Make Metal-Rich Planets? New Insights on Giant Planet Formation from Host Star Abundances
• Hot, rocky and warm, puffy super-Earths orbiting TOI-402 (HD 15337)
• Chemical Diversity of Super-Earths As a Consequence of Formation
• Five Long-period Extrasolar Planets in Eccentric orbits from the Magellan Planet Search Program
• Is pi Men c's atmosphere hydrogen-dominated? Insights from a non-detecton of Hy Ly-alpha absorption
• To cool is to keep: Residual H/He atmospheres of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• The Transiting Multi-planet System HD15337: Two Nearly Equal-mass Planets Straddling the Radius Gap
• Precise Radial Velocities of Cool Low Mass Stars With iSHELL
• GJ 1252 b: A 1.2 $R_{\oplus }$ planet transiting an M3-dwarf at 20.4 pc
• TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
• Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline IV: Completeness of the DR25 Planet Candidate catalog
• TESS exoplanet candidates validated with HARPS archival data. A massive Neptune around GJ143 and two Neptunes around HD23472
• Simulating the M-R Relation from APF follow up of TESS targets: Survey design and strategies for overcoming mass biases
• TESS Reveals a Short-period Sub-Neptune Sibling (HD 86226c) to a Known Long-period Giant Planet
• The Spiral Wave Instability Induced by a Giant Planet: I. Particle Stirring in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• The Effects of Stellar Companions on Exoplanet Radius Distributions
• Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the upper atmosphere of $\pi$ Men c: comparison with Ly$\alpha$ transit observations
• Inner rocky super-Earth formation: distinguishing the formation pathways in viscously heated and passive discs
• Tidal Heating of Young Super-Earth Atmospheres
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and three sub-Neptunes hosted by the bright, Sun-like star HD 108236
• Rotation periods of TESS Objects of Interest from the Magellan-TESS Survey with multiband photometry from Evryscope and TESS
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• Properties of F Stars with Stable Radial Velocity Timeseries: A Useful Metric for Selecting Low-jitter F Stars

Cited by in corpus (26)

• No Such Thing as a Simple Flare: Substructure and QPPs Observed in a Statistical Sample of 20 Second Cadence TESS Flares
• The TESS-Keck Survey XX: 15 New TESS Planets and a Uniform RV Analysis of all Survey Targets
• The young HD 73583 (TOI-560) planetary system: Two 10-M${}_{\oplus }$ mini-Neptunes transiting a 500-Myr-old, bright, and active K dwarf
• The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection
• HD 23472: A multi-planetary system with three super-Earths and two potential super-Mercuries
• Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets
• TOI-836: A super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf
• The PLATO field selection process. II. Characterization of LOPS2, the first long-pointing field
• When, where, and how many planets end up in first-order resonances?
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XV. Precise Properties of 108 TESS Planets and Their Host Stars
• JWST COMPASS: NIRSpec/G395H Transmission Observations of the Super-Earth TOI-776b
• Observation uncertainty effects on the precision of interior planetary parameters
• Importance of Sample Selection in Exoplanet Atmosphere Population Studies
• Two Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full Frame Images
• Another super-dense sub-Neptune in K2-182 b and refined mass measurements for K2-199 b and c
• Developing a Drift Rate Distribution for Technosignature Searches of Exoplanets
• A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
• Characterization of the HD 108236 system with CHEOPS and TESS. Confirmation of a fifth transiting planet
• Characterisation of TOI-406 as showcase of the THIRSTEE program: A 2-planet system straddling the M-dwarf density gap
• Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution
• Homogeneous planet masses I: Reanalysis of archival HARPS radial velocities
• A Transiting Super-Earth in the Radius Valley and An Outer Planet Candidate Around HD 307842
• Dynamical Architectures of S-type Transiting Planets in Binaries II: A Dichotomy in Orbital Alignment of Small Planets in Close Binary Systems
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• Friends and Foes: Conditional Occurrence Rates of Exoplanet Companions and their Impact on Radial Velocity Follow-up Surveys