Kepler Data Validation II -- Transit Model Fitting and Multiple-Planet Search
arXiv:1812.00103 · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aaf44d
Abstract
This paper discusses the transit model fitting and multiple-planet search algorithms and performance of the Kepler Science Data Processing Pipeline, developed by the Kepler Science Operations Center (SOC). Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs), which are transit candidate events, are generated by the Transiting Planet Search (TPS) component of the pipeline and subsequently processed in the Data Validation (DV) component. The transit model is used in DV to fit TCEs in order to characterize planetary candidates and to derive parameters that are used in various diagnostic tests to classify them. After the signature associated with the TCE is removed from the light curve of the target star, the residual light curve goes through TPS again to search for additional TCEs. The iterative process of transit model fitting and multiple-planet search continues until no TCE is generated from the residual light curve or an upper limit is reached. The transit model fitting and multiple-planet search performance of the final release (9.3, January 2016) of the pipeline is demonstrated with the results of the processing of 4 years (17 quarters) of flight data from the primary Kepler Mission. The transit model fitting results are accessible from the NASA Exoplanet Archive. The final version of the SOC codebase is available through GitHub.
arXiv comment52 pages, 24 figures
References in corpus (22)
- Analytic Lightcurves for Planetary Transit Searches
- Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning II - A Bayesian Approach to Systematic Error Correction
- The NASA Exoplanet Archive: Data and Tools for Exoplanet Research
- Kepler Input Catalog: Photometric Calibration and Stellar Classification
- Kepler Presearch Data Conditioning I - Architecture and Algorithms for Error Correction in Kepler Light Curves
- Overview of the Kepler Science Processing Pipeline
- Validation of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates. III: Light Curve Analysis & Announcement of Hundreds of New Multi-planet Systems
- Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25
- Kepler Data Validation I -- Architecture, Diagnostic Tests, and Data Products for Vetting Transiting Planet Candidates
- Revised Stellar Properties of Kepler Targets for the Q1-17 (DR25) Transit Detection Run
- Planetary Candidates from the First Year of the K2 Mission
- 197 Candidates and 104 Validated Planets in K2's First Five Fields
- Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline II: Detection Efficiency as Calculated in One Year of Data
- Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) V: A Uniform Search for Transiting Planets in Young Clusters Observed by K2
- Detection of Potential Transit Signals in 17 Quarters of Kepler Data: Results of the Final Kepler Mission Transiting Planet Search (DR25)
- Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline I: Individual Events
- Detection of Potential Transit Signals in the First Three Quarters of Kepler Mission Data
- Detection of Potential Transit Signals in 17 Quarters of Kepler Mission Data
- Planet Candidates from K2 Campaigns 5-8 and Follow-Up Optical Spectroscopy
- Detection of Potential Transit Signals in Sixteen Quarters of Kepler Mission Data
- Planetary Candidates from K2 Campaign 16
- A TESS Dress Rehearsal: Planetary Candidates and Variables from K2 Campaign 17
Cited by in corpus (184)
- The TESS Objects of Interest Catalog from the TESS Prime Mission
- TESS Eclipsing Binary Stars. I. Short cadence observations of 4584 eclipsing binaries in Sectors 1-26
- Evolution of the radius valley around low mass stars from and
- Planetary system around the nearby M dwarf GJ 357 including a transiting, hot, Earth-sized planet optimal for atmospheric characterization
- A super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes transiting the nearby and quiet M dwarf TOI-270
- The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. I: Validation of the TOI-700 System
- A super-Earth and a sub-Neptune orbiting the bright, quiet M3 dwarf TOI-1266
- TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) III: a two-planet system in the 400 Myr Ursa Major Group
- A pair of TESS planets spanning the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf LTT 3780
- An Ultra-Hot Neptune in the Neptune desert
- TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VI: an 11 Myr giant planet transiting a very low-mass star in Lower Centaurus Crux
- The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two planets on the opposite sides of the radius gap transiting the nearby M dwarf LTT 3780
- Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS: two confirmed terrestrial planets and a mass upper limit on the third
- GJ 367b: A dense ultra-short period sub-Earth planet transiting a nearby red dwarf star
- ExoMiner: A Highly Accurate and Explainable Deep Learning Classifier that Validates 301 New Exoplanets
- Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf
- HD 213885b: A transiting 1-day-period super-Earth with an Earth-like composition around a bright () star unveiled by TESS
- A resonant sextuplet of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright star HD 110067
- TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IV: Three small planets orbiting a 120 Myr-old star in the Pisces--Eridanus stream
- A super-Earth and sub-Neptune transiting the late-type M dwarf LP 791-18
- Two young planetary systems around field stars with ages between 20-320 Myr from TESS
- Cluster Difference Imaging Photometric Survey. II. TOI 837: A Young Validated Planet in IC 2602
- A pair of Sub-Neptunes transiting the bright K-dwarf TOI-1064 characterised with CHEOPS
- Planet Hunters TESS I: TOI 813, a subgiant hosting a transiting Saturn-sized planet on an 84-day orbit
- TOI-677 b: A Warm Jupiter (P=11.2d) on an eccentric orbit transiting a late F-type star
- Rapid Classification of TESS Planet Candidates with Convolutional Neural Networks
- TOI-1452 b: SPIRou and TESS reveal a super-Earth in a temperate orbit transiting an M4 dwarf
- A planetary system with two transiting mini-Neptunes near the radius valley transition around the bright M dwarf TOI-776
- A Second Planet Transiting LTT 1445A and a Determination of the Masses of Both Worlds
- The young HD 73583 (TOI-560) planetary system: Two 10-M mini-Neptunes transiting a 500-Myr-old, bright, and active K dwarf
- The TESS-Keck Survey II: An Ultra-Short Period Rocky Planet and its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-Disk Star TOI-561
- Populating the brown dwarf and stellar boundary: Five stars with transiting companions near the hydrogen-burning mass limit
- The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs -- LP 714-47b (TOI 442.01): Populating the Neptune desert
- A transiting warm giant planet around the young active star TOI-201
- Precise mass and radius of a transiting super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1235: a planet in the radius gap?
- TOI-2076 and TOI-1807: Two young, comoving planetary systems within 50 pc identified by TESS that are ideal candidates for further follow-up
- Mass determinations of the three mini-Neptunes transiting TOI-125
- TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
- TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
- TOI-481 b & TOI-892 b: Two long period hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
- The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet From TESS II: Confirms TOI-700 d
- The TESS-Keck Survey I: A Warm Sub-Saturn-mass Planet and a Caution about Stray Light in TESS Cameras
- Discovery of a hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet and a second temperate, non-transiting planet around the M4 dwarf GJ 3473 (TOI-488)
- Measuring Transit Signal Recovery in the Kepler Pipeline IV: Completeness of the DR25 Planet Candidate catalog
- An unusually low-density super-Earth transiting the bright early-type M-dwarf GJ 1018 (TOI-244)
- The Magellan-TESS Survey I: Survey Description and Mid-Survey Results
- TOI-530b: A giant planet transiting an M dwarf detected by TESS
- TOI-1278 B: SPIRou unveils a rare Brown Dwarf Companion in Close-In Orbit around an M dwarf
- HD 23472: A multi-planetary system with three super-Earths and two potential super-Mercuries
- TOI-674b: an oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
- The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection
- Phase Curves of Hot Neptune LTT 9779b Suggest a High-Metallicity Atmosphere
- TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
- TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IX: a 27 Myr extended population of Lower-Centaurus Crux with a transiting two-planet system
- Precise transit and radial-velocity characterization of a resonant pair: a warm Jupiter TOI-216c and eccentric warm Neptune TOI-216b
- TOI-1759 b: a transiting sub-Neptune around a low mass star characterized with SPIRou and TESS
- A super-massive Neptune-sized planet
- Mass and density of the transiting hot and rocky super-Earth LHS 1478 b (TOI-1640 b)
- TOI-216b and TOI-216c: Two warm, large exoplanets in or slightly wide of the 2:1 orbital resonance
- The Discovery of a Planetary Companion Interior to Hot Jupiter WASP-132 b
- The HD 260655 system: Two rocky worlds transiting a bright M dwarf at 10 pc
- A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130)
- Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets
- A Second Earth-Sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of the M Dwarf, TOI-700
- TOI-5005 b: A super-Neptune in the savanna near the ridge
- A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096
- A 1.55 R habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole
- TOI-132 b: A short-period planet in the Neptune desert transiting a G-type star
- TOI-836: A super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf
- TOI-1468: A system of two transiting planets, a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune, on opposite sides of the radius valley
- TOI-1231 b: A Temperate, Neptune-Sized Planet Transiting the Nearby M3 Dwarf NLTT 24399
- TESS spots a mini-neptune interior to a hot saturn in the TOI-2000 system
- A low-eccentricity migration pathway for a 13-h-period Earth analogue in a four-planet system
- A transiting, temperate mini-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1759 unveiled by TESS
- TOI-2257 b: A highly eccentric long-period sub-Neptune transiting a nearby M dwarf
- TESS Reveals HD 118203 b to be a Transiting Planet
- Giants Transiting Giants I: A Non-inflated Hot Jupiter Orbiting a Massive Subgiant
- Three new brown dwarfs and a massive hot Jupiter revealed by TESS around early-type stars
- TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
- Discovery and mass measurement of the hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet GJ 3929 b
- Two Warm Neptunes transiting HIP 9618 revealed by TESS & Cheops
- The TOI-763 system: sub-Neptunes orbiting a Sun-like star
- TOI-2196 b: Rare planet in the hot Neptune desert transiting a G-type star
- Gliese 12 b: A temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 pc ideal for atmospheric transmission spectroscopy
- TOI-2119: A transiting brown dwarf orbiting an active M-dwarf from NASA's TESS mission
- Two super-Earths at the edge of the habitable zone of the nearby M dwarf TOI-2095
- TOI-2046b, TOI-1181b and TOI-1516b, three new hot Jupiters from \textit{TESS}: planets orbiting a young star, a subgiant and a normal star
- TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
- TOI 694 b and TIC 220568520 b: Two Low-Mass Companions Near the Hydrogen Burning Mass Limit Orbiting Sun-like Stars
- TOI-1859b: A 64-Day Warm Jupiter on an Eccentric and Misaligned Orbit
- The K2 and TESS Synergy. I. Updated Ephemerides and Parameters for K2-114, K2-167, K2-237, and K2-261
- Characterization of a set of small planets with TESS and CHEOPS and an analysis of photometric performance
- TOI-1670 b and c: An Inner Sub-Neptune with an Outer Warm Jupiter Unlikely to have Originated from High-Eccentricity Migration
- The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
- TOI-4010: A System of Three Large Short-Period Planets With a Massive Long-Period Companion
- TOI-1842b: A Transiting Warm Saturn Undergoing Re-Inflation around an Evolving Subgiant
- The HD 93963 A transiting system: A 1.04d super-Earth and a 3.65 d sub-Neptune discovered by TESS and CHEOPS
- TESS discovery of a super-Earth and three sub-Neptunes hosted by the bright, Sun-like star HD 108236
- TOI-1696: a nearby M4 dwarf with a planet in the Neptunian desert
- GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
- HD 20329b: An ultra-short-period planet around a solar-type star found by TESS
- TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
- The LHS 1678 System: Two Earth-Sized Transiting Planets and an Astrometric Companion Orbiting an M Dwarf Near the Convective Boundary at 20 pc
- A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
- TKS V. Twin sub-Neptunes Transiting the Nearby G Star HD 63935
- TOI 122b and TOI 237b, two small warm planets orbiting inactive M dwarfs, found by \textit{TESS}
- HD207897 b: A dense sub-Neptune transiting a nearby and bright K-type star
- The TESS-Keck Survey. VI. Two Eccentric sub-Neptunes Orbiting HIP-97166
- Three super-Earths and a possible water world from TESS and ESPRESSO
- A warm super-Neptune around the G-dwarf star TOI-1710 revealed with TESS, SOPHIE and HARPS-N
- TOI-220 : a warm sub-Neptune discovered by TESS
- TESS-Keck Survey XIV: Two giant exoplanets from the Distant Giants Survey
- Two Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full Frame Images
- TESS Giants Transiting Giants III: An eccentric warm Jupiter supports a period-eccentricity relation for giant planets transiting evolved stars
- TOI-4562 b: A highly eccentric temperate Jupiter analog orbiting a young field star
- Three low-mass companions around aged stars discovered by TESS
- Three Warm Jupiters around Solar-analog stars detected with TESS
- Power of wavelets in analyses of transit and phase curves in the presence of stellar variability and instrumental noise. II. Accuracy of the transit parameters
- A hot sub-Neptune in the desert and a temperate super-Earth around faint M dwarfs: Color validation of TOI-4479b and TOI-2081b
- TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
- TESS Giants Transiting Giants. VI. Newly Discovered Hot Jupiters Provide Evidence for Efficient Obliquity Damping after the Main Sequence
- A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238
- TOI-837b is a Young Saturn-sized Exoplanet with a Massive 70 Core
- TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
- TIC 278956474: Two close binaries in one young quadruple system, identified by \textit{TESS}
- Validation of up to seven TESS planet candidates through multi-colour transit photometry using MuSCAT2 data
- TESS Giants Transiting Giants V -- Two hot Jupiters orbiting red-giant hosts
- TOI-1736 and TOI-2141: two systems including sub-Neptunes around solar analogs revealed by TESS and SOPHIE
- TOI-1296b and TOI-1298b observed with TESS and SOPHIE: Two hot Saturn-mass exoplanets with different densities around metal-rich stars
- TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley
- Characterization of seven transiting systems including four warm Jupiters from SOPHIE and TESS
- A sub-Neptune planet around TOI-1695 discovered and characterized with SPIRou and TESS
- Three Saturn-mass planets transiting F-type stars revealed with TESS and HARPS
- TOI-1749: an M dwarf with a Trio of Planets including a Near-Resonant Pair
- A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
- Spinning up a Daze: TESS Uncovers a Hot Jupiter orbiting the Rapid-Rotator TOI-778
- TOI-4504: Exceptionally large Transit Timing Variations induced by two resonant warm gas giants in a three planet system
- Radial velocity confirmation of a hot super-Neptune discovered by TESS with a warm Saturn-mass companion
- TOI-712: a system of adolescent mini-Neptunes extending to the habitable zone
- TESS and HARPS reveal two sub-Neptunes around TOI 1062
- TOI-5108 b and TOI 5786 b: Two transiting sub-Saturns detected and characterized with TESS, MaHPS and SOPHIE
- Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470
- TOI-908: a planet at the edge of the Neptune desert transiting a G-type star
- HD 183579b: A Warm Sub-Neptune Transiting a Solar Twin Detected by TESS
- The independent discovery of planet candidates around low mass stars and astrophysical false positives from the first two TESS sectors
- TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system
- The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-Mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272
- Discovery and characterisation of two Neptune-mass planets orbiting HD 212729 with TESS
- TOI-733 b: a planet in the small-planet radius valley orbiting a Sun-like star
- Is binning always sinning? The impact of time-averaging for exoplanet phase curves
- Planet Hunters TESS V: a planetary system around a binary star, including a mini-Neptune in the habitable zone
- NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
- TOI-2005b: An Eccentric Warm Jupiter in Spin-Orbit Alignment
- TOI-2498 b: A hot bloated super-Neptune within the Neptune desert
- Tighter constraints on the atmosphere of GJ 436 b from combined high-resolution CARMENES and CRIRES observations
- TOI-3288 b and TOI-4666 b: two gas giants transiting low-mass stars characterised by NIRPS
- TESS discovery of a super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes orbiting the bright, nearby, Sun-like star HD 22946
- Confirmation of four hot Jupiters detected by TESS using follow-up spectroscopy from MaHPS at Wendelstein together with NEID and TRES
- TOI-1199 b and TOI-1273 b: Two new transiting hot Saturns detected and characterized with SOPHIE and TESS
- A Transiting Super-Earth in the Radius Valley and An Outer Planet Candidate Around HD 307842
- TESS Discovery of Twin Planets near 2:1 Resonance around Early M-Dwarf TOI 4342
- A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS
- TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
- Validation of TOI-1221 b: A warm sub-Neptune exhibiting TTVs around a Sun-like star
- Separated twins or just siblings? A multi-planet system around an M dwarf including a cool sub-Neptune
- MANGOS II: Five new giant planets orbiting low-mass stars
- TOI-1743 b, TOI-5799 b, TOI-5799 c and TOI-6223 b: TESS discovery and validation of four super-Earth to Neptune-sized planets around M dwarfs
- TESS and HARPS-N unveil two planets transiting TOI-1453. A super-Earth and one of the lowest mass sub-Neptunes
- Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
- Uncovering the Rapidly Evolving Orbits of the Dynamic TOI-201 System
- Hidden Transits: TOI-2285 b is a Warmer sub-Neptune Likely with a Super-Earth Companion
- Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
- TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
- ASTEP confirmation of a pair of long-period Jupiter-sized planets with extremely low densities transiting TOI-791
- Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903
- Rescuing Unrecognized Exoplanet Candidates in Kepler Data
- Cleaning WASP-33 b transits from the host star photometric variability: analysis of TESS data from two sectors
- Multicolour Validation of Two Temperate Mini-Neptunes Around M-dwarf Habitable Zones
- Inactive longitude and superflare in the active single-lined pre-main sequence binary V2279 Cyg
- A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406
- Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
- TOI-1438: A rare system with two short-period sub-Neptunes and a tentative long-period Jupiter-like planet orbiting a K0V star
- A Warm Massive Pair of Planets around TOI-1232 Revealed with Transit-timing Variations and Doppler Spectroscopy
- A Uniform Search for Nearby Planetary Companions to Hot Jupiters in TESS Data Reveals Hot Jupiters are Still Lonely