KEPLER's First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b

Abstract

NASA's Kepler Mission uses transit photometry to determine the frequency of earth-size planets in or near the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. The mission reached a milestone toward meeting that goal: the discovery of its first rocky planet, Kepler-10b. Two distinct sets of transit events were detected: 1) a 152 +/- 4 ppm dimming lasting 1.811 +/- 0.024 hours with ephemeris T[BJD]=2454964.57375+N*0.837495 days and 2) a 376 +/- 9 ppm dimming lasting 6.86 +/- 0.07 hours with ephemeris T[BJD]=2454971.6761+N*45.29485 days. Statistical tests on the photometric and pixel flux time series established the viability of the planet candidates triggering ground-based follow-up observations. Forty precision Doppler measurements were used to confirm that the short-period transit event is due to a planetary companion. The parent star is bright enough for asteroseismic analysis. Photometry was collected at 1-minute cadence for >4 months from which we detected 19 distinct pulsation frequencies. Modeling the frequencies resulted in precise knowledge of the fundamental stellar properties. Kepler-10 is a relatively old (11.9 +/- 4.5 Gyr) but otherwise Sun-like Main Sequence star with Teff=5627 +/- 44 K, Mstar=0.895 +/- 0.060 Msun, and Rstar=1.056 +/- 0.021 Rsun. Physical models simultaneously fit to the transit light curves and the precision Doppler measurements yielded tight constraints on the properties of Kepler-10b that speak to its rocky composition: Mpl=4.56 +/- 1.29 Mearth, Rpl=1.416 +/- 0.036 Rearth, and density=8.8 +/- 2.9 gcc. Kepler-10b is the smallest transiting exoplanet discovered to date.

Accepted, Astrophysical Journal, November 25, 2010; Eexpected publication date: February 20, 2011

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• ACME Stellar Spectra. I. Absolutely Calibrated, Mostly Empirical Flux Densities of 55 Cancri and its Transiting Planet 55 Cancri e
• HD 20329b: An ultra-short-period planet around a solar-type star found by TESS
• CoRoT-22 b: a validated 4.9 RE exoplanet in 10-day orbit
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Line-depth-ratio temperatures for the close binary nu Octantis: new evidence supporting the conjectured retrograde planet
• Predicting Planets in Kepler Multi-Planet Systems
• A 9-Hr CV With One Outburst in 4 Years of Kepler Data
• On the Detection of Non-Transiting Exoplanets with Dusty Tails
• Revisiting Kepler-444. II. Rotational, orbital and high-energy fluxes evolution of the system
• A Quintuple Star System Containing Two Eclipsing Binaries
• Lava World: Exoplanet Surfaces
• Using HARPS-N to characterise the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems
• Reconstructing the photometric light curves of Earth as a planet along its history
• Spitzer Infrared Observations and Independent Validation of the Transiting Super-Earth CoRoT-7b
• Exoplanetary Geophysics -- An Emerging Discipline
• Probing Kepler's hottest small planets via homogeneous search and analysis of optical secondary eclipses and phase variations
• Atmospheric characterization of cold exoplanets using a 1.5-m coronagraphic space telescope
• The CoRoT-GES Collaboration. Improving Red Giants spectroscopic surface gravity and abundances with asteroseismology
• On the LSP3 estimates of surface gravity for LAMOST-Kepler stars with asteroseismic measurements
• A Flexible Bayesian Framework for Assessing Habitability with Joint Observational and Model Constraints
• A Reanalysis of the Composition of K2-106b: an Ultra-short Period Super-Mercury Candidate
• Constraints on TESS albedos for five hot Jupiters
• Exploring Super-Earth Surfaces: Albedo of Near-Airless Magma Ocean Planets and Topography
• Transit analysis of the CoRoT-5, CoRoT-8, CoRoT-12, CoRoT-18, CoRoT-20, and CoRoT-27 systems with combined ground- and space-based photometry
• The California-Kepler Survey. XI. A Survey of Chromospheric Activity Through the Lens of Precise Stellar Properties
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• A Method to Identify the Boundary Between Rocky and Gaseous Exoplanets from Tidal Theory and Transit Durations
• Enhanced Size Uniformity for Near-resonant Planets
• Coralie radial-velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES) III. A new Jupiter host-star: in-depth analysis of HD 29399 using TESS data
• Improved Analysis of Clarke Exobelt Detectability
• Vetting Kepler Planet Candidates with Multi-Color Photometry from the GTC: Identification of an Eclipsing Binary Star Near KOI 565
• Phase Curves of the Kepler-11 Multi-Planet System
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• The Homogenous Study of Transiting Systems (HoSTS). II. The influence of the line list on stellar parameters
• NGTS-21b: An Inflated Super-Jupiter Orbiting a Metal-poor K dwarf
• In-depth characterization of the Kepler-10 three-planet system with HARPS-N radial velocities and Kepler transit timing variations
• Observational techniques to measure solar and stellar oscillations
• Trend Filtering -- II. Denoising Astronomical Signals with Varying Degrees of Smoothness
• Coralie radial velocity search for companions around evolved stars (CASCADES) II. Seismic masses for three red giants orbited by long-period massive planets
• The way forward
• Revisiting Kepler-444 Part I. Seismic modelling and inversions of stellar structure
• Stellar hydrodynamics caught in the act: Asteroseismology with CoRoT and Kepler
• K2-399 b is not a planet. The Saturn that wandered through the Neptune desert is actually a hierarchical eclipsing binary
• Surface pressure impact on nitrogen-dominated USP super-Earth atmospheres
• Dynamical evolution and stability maps of the Proxima Centauri system
• Solar-like stars observed by Kepler: an incredible adventure
• Ocean Circulation on Tide-locked Lava Worlds: 3D Modeling with a Simple Boundary Iteration Method
• The impact of ultraviolet heating and cooling on the dynamics and observability of lava planet atmospheres
• Composition of Transiting and Transiting-only super-Earths
• Continuous Habitable Zones: Using Bayesian Methods to Prioritize Characterization of Potentially Habitable Worlds
• Minimizing follow-up for space-based transit surveys using full lightcurve analysis
• Extrasolar enigmas: from disintegrating exoplanets to exoasteroids
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• TESS Data for Asteroseismology: Photometry
• Radioactive Planet Formation
• Deep two-phase, hemispherical magma oceans on lava planets