Formation, tidal evolution and habitability of the Kepler-186 system

Abstract

The Kepler-186 system consists of five planets orbiting an early-M dwarf. The planets have physical radii of 1.0-1.50 R${}_{\oplus }$ and orbital periods of 4 to 130 days. The $1.1$R${}_{\oplus }$ Kepler-186f with a period of 130 days is of particular interest. Its insolation of roughly $0.32S_{\odot }$places it within the liquid water habitable zone. We present a multi-faceted study of the Kepler-186 system. First, we show that the distribution of planet masses can be roughly reproduced if the planets accreted from a high-surface density disk presumably sculpted by an earlier phase of migration. However, our simulations predict the existence of 1-2 undetected planets between planets e and f. Next, we present a dynamical analysis of the system including the effect of tides. The timescale for tidal evolution is short enough that the four inner planets must have small obliquities and near-synchronous rotation rates. Tidal evolution of Kepler-186f is slow enough that its current spin state depends on a combination of its dissipation rate and the stellar age. Finally, we study the habitability of Kepler-186f with a 1-D climate model. The planet's surface temperature can be raised above 273 K with 0.5-5 bars of CO${}_2$, depending on the amount of N${}_2$ present. Kepler-186f represents a case study of an Earth-sized planet in the cooler regions of the habitable zone of a cool star.

arXiv commentPaper accepted in ApJ

References in corpus (84)

• Disk Frequencies and Lifetimes in Young Clusters
• Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: New Estimates
• Protoplanetary Disks and Their Evolution
• A low mass for Mars from Jupiter's early gas-driven migration
• The NextGen Model Atmosphere grid for $3000\le \Teff \le 10000\K$
• Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data
• Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Coalescing binary systems of compact objects to (post)$^{5/2}-Newtonian order. V. Spin Effects
• Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass
• The Mass-Radius Relation for 65 Exoplanets Smaller than 4 Earth Radii
• Internal Structure of Massive Terrestrial Planets
• Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?
• KEPLER's First Rocky Planet: Kepler-10b
• Planet formation around stars of various masses: The snow line and the frequency of giant planets
• Masses, Radii, and Orbits of Small Kepler Planets: The Transition from Gaseous to Rocky Planets
• The Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula: In-Situ Formation of Close-In Super-Earths
• Making other Earths: Dynamical Simulations of Terrestrial Planet Formation and Water Delivery
• Building the Terrestrial Planets: Constrained Accretion in the Inner Solar System
• High Resolution Submillimeter Constraints on Circumstellar Disk Structure
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XVIII. An Earth-mass planet in the GJ 581 planetary system
• Stabilizing Cloud Feedback Dramatically Expands the Habitable Zone of Tidally Locked Planets
• High-resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth-like planets 1: terrestrial accretion and dynamics
• Migration and the formation of systems of hot super-Earths and Neptunes
• Is tidal heating sufficient to explain bloated exoplanets? Consistent calculations accounting for finite initial eccentricity
• A Submillimeter View of Circumstellar Dust Disks in $\rho$ Ophiuchus
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XI. Super-Earths (5 & 8 M_Earth) in a 3-planet system
• The Mass of KOI-94d and a Relation for Planet Radius, Mass, and Incident Flux
• Migration then assembly: Formation of Neptune mass planets inside 1 AU
• An Earth-sized Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Cool Star
• Hydrogen Greenhouse Planets Beyond the Habitable Zone
• Water Delivery and Giant Impacts in the 'Grand Tack' Scenario
• Testing In Situ Assembly with the Kepler Planet Candidate Sample
• Tidal friction in close-in satellites and exoplanets. The Darwin theory re-visited
• Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate
• Kepler-62: A five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the Habitable Zone
• Kepler-22b: A 2.4 Earth-radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun-like Star
• Architecture of Planetary Systems Based on Kepler Data: Number of Planets and Coplanarity
• Inside-Out Planet Formation
• Gliese 581d is the first discovered terrestrial-mass exoplanet in the habitable zone
• A decreased probability of habitable planet formation around low-mass stars
• Spin-Orbit Evolution Of Short-Period Planets
• Long-term tidal evolution of short-period planets with companions
• Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20
• N-body simulations of planetary accretion around M dwarf stars
• The statistics of multi-planet systems
• Observable Consequences of Planet Formation Models in Systems with Close-in Terrestrial Planets
• Stellar irradiated discs and implications on migration of embedded planets I: equilibrium discs
• Habitable Climates: The Influence of Obliquity
• Dynamical Habitability of Known Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• Tidal obliquity evolution of potentially habitable planets
• Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating
• No universal minimum-mass extrasolar nebula: Evidence against in-situ accretion of systems of hot super-Earths
• Lunar and Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Grand Tack Scenario
• Is Gliese 581d habitable? Some constraints from radiative-convective climate modeling
• Generalized Milankovitch Cycles and Longterm Climatic Habitability
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in Disks with Varying Surface Density Profiles
• Planet-Planet Eclipse and the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of a Multiple Transiting System: Joint Analysis of the Subaru Spectroscopy and the Kepler Photometry
• Tidal Limits to Planetary Habitability
• Planets Formed in Habitable Zones of M Dwarf Stars Probably are Deficient in Volatiles
• KOI-152's Low Density Planets
• Determination of the Interior Structure of Transiting Planets in Multiple-Planet Systems
• Predicting Planets in Known Extra-Solar Planetary Systems I: Test Particle Simulations
• Occurrence and core-envelope structure of 1--4x Earth-size planets around Sun-like stars
• Could we identify hot Ocean-Planets with CoRoT, Kepler and Doppler velocimetry?
• Habitable Climates
• Terrestrial Planet Formation at Home and Abroad
• Habitability of known exoplanetary systems based on measured stellar properties
• The Search for other Earths: limits on the giant planet orbits that allow habitable terrestrial planets to form
• No pseudosynchronous rotation for terrestrial planets and moons
• A super-Earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around Sun-like star
• The extrasolar planet GL 581 d: A potentially habitable planet?
• Formation, tidal evolution and habitability of the Kepler-186 system
• On the equilibrium figure of close-in planets and satellites
• Transient conditions for biogenesis on low-mass exoplanets with escaping hydrogen atmospheres
• Model Spectra of the First Potentially Habitable Super-Earth - Gl581d
• Tidal dissipation and eccentricity pumping: Implications for the depth of the secondary eclipse of 55 Cnc e
• N2-associated surface warming on early Mars
• Stability analysis of single planet systems and their habitable zones
• The Effect of Planets Beyond the Ice Line on the Accretion of Volatiles by Habitable-Zone Rocky Planets
• The Value of Systems with Multiple Transiting Planets
• Making giant planet cores: convergent migration and growth of planetary embryos in non-isothermal discs
• Diversity of planetary systems in low-mass disks: Terrestrial-type planet formation and water delivery
• The Formation of Systems with Tightly-packed Inner Planets (STIPs) via Aerodynamic Drift

Cited by in corpus (31)

• Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• Modelling climate diversity, tidal dynamics and the fate of volatiles on TRAPPIST-1 planets
• Challenges in Planet Formation
• A Catalog of Kepler Habitable Zone Exoplanet Candidates
• The nature and origins of sub-Neptune size planets
• Migration-driven diversity of super-Earth compositions
• A super-Earth and a sub-Neptune orbiting the bright, quiet M3 dwarf TOI-1266
• Mercury-T: A new code to study tidally evolving multi-planet systems. Applications to Kepler-62
• Formation, tidal evolution and habitability of the Kepler-186 system
• Terrestrial Planet Formation in the Presence of Migrating Super-earths
• Two temperate super-Earths transiting a nearby late-type M dwarf
• GJ 273: On the formation, dynamical evolution and habitability of a planetary system hosted by an M dwarf at 3.75 parsec
• Obliquity and Eccentricity Constraints For Terrestrial Exoplanets
• The Impact of Stellar Distances on Habitable Zone Planets
• Lightning climatology of exoplanets and brown dwarfs guided by Solar System data
• Role of planetary obliquity in regulating atmospheric escape: G-dwarf vs. M-dwarf Earth-like exoplanets
• Milankovitch Cycles of Terrestrial Planets in Binary Star Systems
• Albedos, Equilibrium Temperatures, and Surface Temperatures of Habitable Planets
• Obliquity Variations of Habitable Zone Planets Kepler-62f and Kepler-186f
• Tidal Dissipation in Dual-Body, Highly Eccentric, and Non-synchronously Rotating Systems: Applications to Pluto-Charon and the Exoplanet TRAPPIST-1e
• The origins of nearly coplanar, non-resonant systems of close-in super-Earths
• The dynamics of radiation driven, optically thick winds
• Liquid Water on Cold Exo-Earths via Basal Melting of Ice Sheets
• Self-limited tidal heating and prolonged magma oceans in the L 98-59 system
• The Terrestrial Planet Formation around M Dwarfs: In-situ, Inward Migration or Reversed Migration
• Tidal evolution in multiple planet systems: application to Kepler-62 and Kepler-186
• TESS and HARPS-N unveil two planets transiting TOI-1453. A super-Earth and one of the lowest mass sub-Neptunes
• A Survey of Exoplanetary Detection Techniques
• A Cool Earth-sized Planet Candidate Transiting a Tenth Magnitude K-dwarf From K2
• Gravitational quantization of exoplanet orbits in HD 10180, Kepler-32, Kepler-33, Kepler-102, and Kepler-186