Influence of migration models and thermal torque on planetary growth in the pebble accretion scenario

Abstract

Low-mass planets that are in the process of growing larger within protoplanetary disks exchange torques with the disk and change their semi-major axis accordingly. This process is called type I migration and is strongly dependent on the underlying disk structure. As a result, there are many uncertainties about planetary migration in general. In a number of simulations, the current type I migration rates lead to planets reaching the inner edge of the disk within the disk lifetime. A new kind of torque exchange between planet and disk, the thermal torque, aims to slow down inward migration via the heating torque. The heating torque may even cause planets to migrate outwards, if the planetary luminosity is large enough. Here, we study the influence on planetary migration of the thermal torque on top of previous type I models. We find that the formula of Paardekooper et al. (2011) allows for more outward migration than that of Jiménez & Masset (2017) in most configurations, but we also find that planets evolve to very similar mass and final orbital radius using both formulae in a single planet-formation scenario, including pebble and gas accretion. Adding the thermal torque can introduce new, but small, regions of outwards migration if the accretion rates onto the planet correspond to typical solid accretion rates following the pebble accretion scenario. If the accretion rates onto the planets become very large, as could be the case in environments with large pebble fluxes (e.g., high-metallicity environments), the thermal torque can allow more efficient outward migration. However, even then, the changes for the final mass and orbital positions in our planet formation scenario are quite small. This implies that for single planet evolution scenarios, the influence of the heating torque is probably negligible.

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Cited by in corpus (20)

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• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets II: Volatiles and refractories in atmospheres
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• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets III: The formation of WASP-77A b and $\tau$ Boötis b
• The effect of a strong pressure bump in the Sun's natal disk: Terrestrial planet formation via planetesimal accretion rather than pebble accretion
• How to make giant planets via pebble accretion
• Probing the impact of varied migration and gas accretion rates for the formation of giant planets in the pebble accretion scenario
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• The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
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• The interplay between pebble and planetesimal accretion in population synthesis models and its role in giant planet formation
• Influence of grain sizes and composition on the contraction rates of planetary envelopes and on planetary migration
• Numerical study of coorbital thermal torques on cold or hot satellites
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• A formation pathway for terrestrial planets with moderate water content involving atmospheric-volatile recycling
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• Exploring the conditions for forming planetesimals by the streaming instability and planetary systems by pebble accretion
• Turbulence destroys thermal lobes around Mars-sized planetary embryos