Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs

Abstract

Axisymmetric dust rings containing tens to hundreds of Earth masses of solids have been observed in protoplanetary discs with (sub-)millimetre imaging. Here, we investigate the growth of a planetary embryo in a massive (150M${}_{\oplus }$) axisymmetric dust trap through dust and gas hydrodynamics simulations. When accounting for the accretion luminosity of the planetary embryo from pebble accretion, the thermal feedback on the surrounding gas leads to the formation of an anticyclonic vortex. Since the vortex forms at the location of the planet, this has significant consequences for the planet's growth: as dust drifts towards the pressure maximum at the centre of the vortex, which is initially co-located with the planet, a rapid accretion rate is achieved, in a distinct phase of ``vortex-assisted'' pebble accretion. Once the vortex separates from the planet due to interactions with the disc, it accumulates dust, shutting off accretion onto the planet. We find that this rapid accretion, mediated by the vortex, results in a planet containing $\approx$ 100M${}_{\oplus }$ of solids. We follow the evolution of the vortex, as well as the efficiency with which dust grains accumulate at its pressure maximum as a function of their size, and investigate the consequences this has for the growth of the planet as well as the morphology of the protoplanetary disc. We speculate that this extreme formation scenario may be the origin of giant planets which are identified to be significantly enhanced in heavy elements.

arXiv comment20 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Supplementary material can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6761702

References in corpus (121)

• Interstellar Dust Grains
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Resolved Images of Large Cavities in Protoplanetary Transition Disks
• Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
• FARGO: a fast eulerian transport algorithm for differentially rotating disks
• Accretion Disks Around Young Objects. III. Grain Growth
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - II. Effects of diffusion
• Photoevaporation of protoplanetary discs II: evolutionary models and observable properties
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Radial Flow of Dust Particles in Accretion Disks
• A comparative study of disc-planet interaction
• Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
• The Mass-Metallicity Relation for Giant Planets
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• Zonal Flows and Long-Lived Axisymmetric Pressure Bumps in Magnetorotational Turbulence
• Observations of gas flows inside a protoplanetary gap
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Mass Flow and Accretion through gaps in Accretion Discs
• Dynamics of Solids in the Midplane of Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Planetesimal Formation
• Trapping dust particles in the outer regions of protoplanetary disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks -- II. Detailed Linear Theory
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. I. The Role of Self-Gravity
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• Atmospheres of protoplanetary cores: critical mass for nucleated instability
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• Concentrating small particles in protoplanetary disks through the streaming instability
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• FARGO3D: A new GPU-oriented MHD code
• The great dichotomy of the Solar System: small terrestrial embryos and massive giant planet cores
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks - III. Nonlinear Simulations
• Dust size distributions in coagulation/fragmentation equilibrium: Numerical solutions and analytical fits
• Grain Retention and Formation of Planetesimals near the Snow Line in MRI-driven Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets
• Large-Scale Asymmetries in the Transitional Disks of SAO 206462 and SR 21
• Dust dynamics during protoplanetary disc clearing
• Dynamics of pebbles in the vicinity of a growing planetary embryo: hydro-dynamical simulations
• Material enhancement in protoplanetary nebulae by particle drift through evaporation fronts
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• Initial mass function of planetesimals formed by the streaming instability
• A Spatially Resolved Inner Hole in the Disk around GM Aurigae
• Possible planet-forming regions on submillimetre images
• Planet formation bursts at the borders of the dead zone in 2D numerical simulations of circumstellar disks
• Vortex generation in protoplanetary disks with an embedded giant planet
• The Radial Distribution of Dust Particles in the HL Tau Disk from ALMA and VLA Observations
• Reviving Dead Zones in Accretion Disks by Rossby Vortices at their Boundaries
• Standing on the shoulders of giants: Trojan Earths and vortex trapping in low mass self-gravitating protoplanetary disks of gas and solids
• Steady state of dust distributions in disk vortices: Observational predictions and applications to transitional disks
• Local Enhancement of Surface Density in the Protoplanetary Ring Surrounding HD 142527
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• Can dust coagulation trigger streaming instability?
• Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• Magnetic Flux Concentration and Zonal Flows in Magnetorotational Instability Turbulence
• On the Stability of Elliptical Vortices in Accretion Discs
• Asymmetric transition disks: Vorticity or eccentricity?
• Potential Vorticity Evolution of a Protoplanetary Disk with An Embedded Protoplanet
• Vortices In Circumstellar Disks
• On the origin of horseshoes in transitional discs
• The circumstellar disk of AB Aurigae: evidence for envelope accretion at late stages of star formation?
• Effects of dust feedback on vortices in protoplanetary disks
• Millimeter imaging of MWC 758: probing the disk structure and kinematics
• Particle Trapping and Streaming Instability in Vortices
• Coorbital thermal torques on low-mass protoplanets
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. II. The Effect of the Radial Gas Pressure Gradient
• Rossby Wave Instability and three-dimensional vortices in accretion disks
• The baroclinic instability in the context of layered accretion. Self-sustained vortices and their magnetic stability in local compressible unstratified models of protoplanetary disks
• Formation and long-term evolution of 3D vortices in protoplanetary discs
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - II. Dust concentration
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• The efficiency of dust trapping in ringed proto-planetary discs
• The Formation and Role of Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Rings as Sites for Planetesimal Formation
• Rossby wave instability at dead zone boundaries in 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamical global models of protoplanetary disks
• The evolution of large cavities and disc eccentricity in circumbinary discs
• 3D MHD Simulations of Planet Migration in Turbulent Stratified Disks
• Planet formation by pebble accretion in ringed disks
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• A concentration of centimeter-sized grains in the Oph IRS 48 dust trap
• 870 micron Imaging of a Transitional Disk in Upper Scorpius: Holdover from the Era of Giant Planet Formation?
• Slowly-growing gap-opening planets trigger weaker vortices
• Growth after the streaming instability: from planetesimal accretion to pebble accretion
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - I. Gas distribution
• Vortex and spiral instabilities at gap edges in three-dimensional self-gravitating disc-satellite simulations
• Torques Induced by Scattered Pebble-flow in Protoplanetary Disks
• Linear growth of streaming instability in pressure bumps
• Edge modes in self-gravitating disc-planet interactions
• Radiation pressure clear-out of dusty photoevaporating discs
• Fast Modes and Dusty Horseshoes in Transitional Disks
• Snow-lines can be thermally unstable
• On the structure and mass delivery towards circumplanetary discs
• ALMA Observations of the Asymmetric Dust Disk around DM Tau
• Giant planet formation at the pressure maxima of protoplanetary disks
• Dusty clumps in circumbinary discs
• The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
• Linking planetary embryo formation to planetesimal formation I: The impact of the planetesimal surface density in the terrestrial planet zone
• Influence of migration models and thermal torque on planetary growth in the pebble accretion scenario
• Linking planetary embryo formation to planetesimal formation II: The impact of pebble accretion in the terrestrial planet zone
• Impact of thermal effects on the evolution of eccentricity and inclination of low-mass planets
• Modeling the nonaxisymmetric structure in the HD 163296 disk with planet-disk interaction
• Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation
• Torques felt by solid accreting planets
• Interpreting Brightness Asymmetries in Transition Disks: Vortex at Dead Zone or Planet Carved Gap Edges?
• Vortex survival in 3D self-gravitating accretion discs
• Increased isolation mass for pebble accreting planetary cores in pressure maxima of protoplanetary discs

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet-forming disc -- II. Numerical simulations
• How to form compact & other longer-lived planet-induced vortices: VSI, planet migration, or re-triggers, but not feedback
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157