Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation

Abstract

We present a simple model for low-mass planet formation and subsequent evolution within "transition" discs. We demonstrate quantitatively that the predicted and observed structure of such discs are prime birthsites of planets. Planet formation is likely to proceed through pebble accretion, should a planetary embryo ($M\gtrsim 10^{-4}$M${}_{\oplus }$) form. Efficient pebble accretion is likely to be unavoidable in transition disc dust traps, as the size of the dust particles required for pebble accretion are those which are most efficiently trapped in the transition disc dust trap. Rapid pebble accretion within the dust trap gives rise, not only to low-mass planets, but to a large accretion luminosity. This accretion luminosity is sufficient to heat the disc outside the gravitational influence of the planet and makes the disc locally baroclinic, and a source of vorticity. Using numerical simulations we demonstrate that this source of vorticity can lead to the growth of a single large scale vortex in $\sim 100$ orbits, which is capable of trapping particles. Finally, we suggest an evolutionary cycle: planet formation proceeds through pebble accretion, followed by vortex formation and particle trapping in the vortex quenching the planetary accretion and thus removing the vorticity source. After the vortex is destroyed the process can begin anew. This means transition discs should present with large scale vortices for a significant fraction of their lifetimes and remnant planets at large ~10AU separation should be a common outcome of this cycle.

arXiv comment15 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (83)

• Spectral Energy Distributions of T Tauri Stars With Passive Circumstellar Disks
• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• Planetary Radii across Five Orders of Magnitude in Mass and Stellar Insolation: Application to Transits
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• Circumstellar Dust Disks in Taurus-Auriga: The Submillimeter Perspective
• A simple model for the evolution of the dust population in protoplanetary disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains
• Resolved Images of Large Cavities in Protoplanetary Transition Disks
• The effect of gas drag on the growth of protoplanets -- Analytical expressions for the accretion of small bodies in laminar disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• A Major Asymmetric Dust Trap in a Transition Disk
• FARGO: a fast eulerian transport algorithm for differentially rotating disks
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• Accretion Disks Around Young Objects. III. Grain Growth
• Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Turbulence Driven by the Streaming Instability: Non-Linear Saturation and Particle Concentration
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Particle Clumping and Planetesimal Formation Depend Strongly on Metallicity
• Dust Filtration by Planet-Induced Gap Edges: Implications for Transitional Disks
• Observations of gas flows inside a protoplanetary gap
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks -- II. Detailed Linear Theory
• The Mass and Size Distribution of Planetesimals Formed by the Streaming Instability. I. The Role of Self-Gravity
• Microlens OGLE-2005-BLG-169 Implies Cool Neptune-Like Planets are Common
• Dust filtration at gap edges: Implications for the spectral energy distributions of discs with embedded planets
• Atmospheres of protoplanetary cores: critical mass for nucleated instability
• On the theory of disc photoevaporation
• Transitional and Pre-Transitional disks: Gap Opening by Multiple Planets?
• Unveiling the Structure of Pre-Transitional Disks
• Protoplanetary disc evolution and dispersal: the implications of X-ray photoevaportion
• The great dichotomy of the Solar System: small terrestrial embryos and massive giant planet cores
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks - III. Nonlinear Simulations
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• Large-Scale Asymmetries in the Transitional Disks of SAO 206462 and SR 21
• Dust dynamics during protoplanetary disc clearing
• Resolved gas cavities in transitional disks inferred from CO isotopologues with ALMA
• Planetesimal formation by sweep-up: How the bouncing barrier can be beneficial to growth
• On the Minimum Core Mass for Giant Planet Formation at Wide Separations
• Possible planet-forming regions on submillimetre images
• The subcritical baroclinic instability in local accretion disc models
• Vortex generation in protoplanetary disks with an embedded giant planet
• Gas density drops inside dust cavities of transitional disks around young stars observed with ALMA
• The Impact of Dust Evolution and Photoevaporation on Disk Dispersal
• Standing on the shoulders of giants: Trojan Earths and vortex trapping in low mass self-gravitating protoplanetary disks of gas and solids
• Particle Concentration At Planet Induced Gap Edges and Vortices: I. Inviscid 3-D Hydro Disks
• Steady state of dust distributions in disk vortices: Observational predictions and applications to transitional disks
• A Spitzer c2d Legacy Survey to Identify and Characterize Disks with Inner Dust Holes
• Breaking through: The effects of a velocity distribution on barriers to dust growth
• An azimuthal asymmetry in the LkHa 330 disk
• Can dust coagulation trigger streaming instability?
• Can grain growth explain transition disks?
• Dust Trapping by Vortices in Transitional Disks: Evidence for Non-ideal MHD Effects in Protoplanetary Disks
• Can dead zones create structures like a transition disk?
• On the Stability of Elliptical Vortices in Accretion Discs
• Lopsided dust rings in transition disks
• Asymmetric transition disks: Vorticity or eccentricity?
• Effects of dust feedback on vortices in protoplanetary disks
• ALMA Long Baseline Observations of the Strongly Lensed Submillimeter Galaxy HATLAS J090311.6+003906 at z=3.042
• The frequency of snowline-region planets from four-years of OGLE-MOA-Wise second-generation microlensing
• Embryos grown in the dead zone: Assembling the first protoplanetary cores in low mass self-gravitating circumstellar disks of gas and solids
• Dust-trapping Rossby vortices in protoplanetary disks
• Particle Trapping and Streaming Instability in Vortices
• A compact concentration of large grains in the HD142527 protoplanetary dust trap
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - II. Dust concentration
• Gaps, rings, and non-axisymmetric structures in protoplanetary disks - Emission from large grains
• Two populations of transition discs?
• The origin and evolution of transition discs: successes, problems and open questions
• Planetesimal formation via sweep-up growth at the inner edge of dead zones
• Long Term Evolution of Planet-Induced Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Masses of Transition Circumstellar Disks: Observational Support for Photoevaporation Models
• Slowly-growing gap-opening planets trigger weaker vortices
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - I. Gas distribution
• Rossby wave instability does not require sharp resistivity gradients
• A ring-like concentration of mm-sized particles in Sz 91
• Accreting planets as dust dams in `transition' discs
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• Planet-vortex interaction:How a vortex can shepherd a planetary embryo
• A Self-Consistent Reduced Model for Dusty Magnetorotationally Unstable Discs

Cited by in corpus (14)

• On the origin of horseshoes in transitional discs
• Radiation pressure clear-out of dusty photoevaporating discs
• Observational diagnostics of elongated planet-induced vortices with realistic planet formation timescales
• Parametric Study of the Rossby Wave Instability in a Two-dimensional Barotropic Disk II: Non-Linear Calculations
• Dusty clumps in circumbinary discs
• Vortex stretching in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
• Oscillatory migration of accreting protoplanets driven by a 3D distortion of the gas flow
• Analysis of the arm-like structure in the outer disk of PDS 70. Spiral density wave or vortex?
• On the origin of the lump in circumbinary discs
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• On the vortex evolution in non-isothermal protoplanetary discs
• How to form compact & other longer-lived planet-induced vortices: VSI, planet migration, or re-triggers, but not feedback
• Future Exoplanet Research: Science Questions and How to Address Them
• The Prospects for Hurricane-like Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks