Resolved gas cavities in transitional disks inferred from CO isotopologues with ALMA

Abstract

Transitional disks around young stars are promising candidates to look for recently formed, embedded planets. Planet-disk interaction models predict that planets clear a gap in the gas while trapping dust at larger radii. Other physical mechanisms could be responsible for cavities as well. Previous observations have revealed that gas is still present inside these cavities, but the spatial distribution of this gas remains uncertain. We present high spatial resolution observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of 13CO and C18O lines of four well-studied transitional disks. The observations are used to set constraints on the gas surface density, specifically cavity size and density drop inside the cavity. The physical-chemical model DALI is used to analyze the gas images of SR21, HD135344B, DoAr44 and IRS48. The main parameters of interest are the size, depth and shape of the gas cavity. CO isotope-selective photodissociation is included to properly constrain the surface density in the outer disk from C18O emission. The gas cavities are up to 3 times smaller than those of the dust in all four disks. Model fits indicate that the surface density inside the gas cavities decreases by a factor of 100-10000 compared with the surface density profile derived from the outer disk. A comparison with an analytical model of gap depths by planet-disk interaction shows that the disk viscosities are likely low, with a<1E-3 for planet masses <10 MJup. The resolved measurements of the gas and dust in transition disk cavities support the predictions of models that describe how planet-disk interactions sculpt gas disk structures and influence the evolution of dust grains. These observed structures strongly suggest the presence of giant planetary companions in transition disk cavities, although at smaller orbital radii than is typically indicated from the dust cavity radii alone.

Accepted by A&A; version after language-editing

References in corpus (12)

• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Spectro-astrometric imaging of molecular gas within protoplanetary disk gaps
• Demographics of Transition Objects
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Mass Estimates of a Giant Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk from the Gap Structures
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• Gas density drops inside dust cavities of transitional disks around young stars observed with ALMA
• Line Emission from Gas in Optically Thick Dust Disks around Young Stars
• Tracing the inner edge of the disk around HD 100546 with Ro-vibrational CO Emission Lines
• CO gas inside the protoplanetary disk cavity in HD 142527: disk structure from ALMA
• Comparison of the dust and gas radial structure in the transition disk [PZ99] J160421.7-213028
• Gas inside the 97 au cavity around the transition disk Sz\,91

Cited by in corpus (153)

• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Disks ARound TTauri Stars with Sphere (DARTTS-S) I: Sphere / IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of 8 prominent TTauri Disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets
• Shadows cast on the transition disk of HD 135344B. Multiwavelength VLT/SPHERE polarimetric differential imaging
• Circumbinary, not transitional: On the spiral arms, cavity, shadows, fast radial flows, streamers and horseshoe in the HD142527 disc
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• Dust depleted inner disks in a large sample of transition disks through long-baseline ALMA observations
• The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
• Highly structured disk around the planet host PDS 70 revealed by high-angular resolution observations with ALMA
• Global Evolution of an Accretion Disk with Net Vertical Field: Coronal Accretion, Flux Transport, and Disk Winds
• Different dust and gas radial extents in protoplanetary disks: consistent models of grain growth and CO emission
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• The dispersal of protoplanetary discs I: A new generation of X-ray photoevaporation models
• Can dead zones create structures like a transition disk?
• An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• New insights into the nature of transition disks from a complete disk survey of the Lupus star forming region
• On the origin of horseshoes in transitional discs
• Characterizing the dust content of disk substructures in TW Hya
• On the diversity of asymmetries in gapped protoplanetary disks
• Evidence for a massive dust-trapping vortex connected to spirals: a multi-wavelength analysis of the HD~135344B protoplanetary disk
• The complex morphology of the young disk MWC 758: Spirals and dust clumps around a large cavity
• Homogeneous Analysis of the Dust Morphology of Transition Disks Observed with ALMA: Investigating dust trapping and the origin of the cavities
• An Ideal Testbed for Planet-disk Interaction: Two Giant Protoplanets in Resonance Shaping the PDS 70 Protoplanetary Disk
• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios
• An inner warp in the DoAr 44 T Tauri transition disk
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• An ALMA survey of DCN/H${}^{13}$CN and DCO${}^{+}$/H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ in protoplanetary disks
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks III. Models for selected objects from the FP7 DIANA project
• The (w)hole survey: an unbiased sample study of transition disk candidates based on Spitzer catalogs
• The depletion of water during dispersal of planet-forming disk regions
• CN rings in full protoplanetary disks around young stars as probes of disk structure
• The origin and evolution of transition discs: successes, problems and open questions
• Empirical Temperature Measurement in Protoplanetary Disks
• Inferring giant planets from ALMA millimeter continuum and line observations in (transition) disks
• Modeling of deep gaps created by giant planets in protoplanetary discs
• A case of simultaneous star and planet formation
• Radial Surface Density Profiles of Gas and Dust in the Debris Disk around 49 Ceti
• Vortices and spirals in the HD135344B transition disk
• The Sizes and Depletions of the Dust and Gas Cavities in the Transitional Disk J160421.7-213028
• Variable dynamics in the inner disk of HD 135344B revealed with multi-epoch scattered light imaging
• Slowly-growing gap-opening planets trigger weaker vortices
• The Disc Miner I: A statistical framework to detect and quantify kinematical perturbations driven by young planets in discs
• Testing giant planet formation in the transitional disk of SAO 206462 using deep VLT/SPHERE imaging
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk: I. Formaldehyde and methanol
• Evidence for a CO desorption front in the outer AS 209 disk
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• The chemical inventory of the planet-hosting disk PDS 70
• Scanning disk rings and winds in CO at 0.01-10 au: a high-resolution $M$-band spectroscopy survey with IRTF-iSHELL
• Multiple rings in the transitional disk of GM Aurigae revealed by VLA and ALMA
• Planetary Signatures in the SAO 206462 (HD 135344B) Disk: A Spiral Arm Passing Through Vortex?
• A population of transition disks around evolved stars: Fingerprints of planets? Catalog of disks surrounding Galactic post-AGB binaries
• A dusty filament and turbulent CO spirals in HD135344B-SAO206462
• Rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks: planets or snowlines?
• Signatures of an eccentric disc cavity: Dust and gas in IRS 48
• Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary disks from HD 1-0
• Grand challenges in protoplanetary disc modelling
• Origins Space Telescope Mission Concept Study Report
• Wind-driven Accretion in Transitional Protostellar Disks
• Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• The kinematics and excitation of infrared water vapor emission from planet-forming disks: results from spectrally-resolved surveys and guidelines for JWST spectra
• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Gas temperature structure across transition disk cavities
• A Multi-Wavelength Analysis of Dust and Gas in the SR 24S Transition Disk
• Kinematics and brightness temperatures of transition discs -- A survey of gas substructures as seen with ALMA
• Candidate Water Vapor Lines to Locate the H${}_2$O Snowline through High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Observations I. The Case of a T Tauri Star
• Stability and Occurrence Rate Constraints on the Planetary Sculpting Hypothesis for "Transitional" Disks
• Large gaps and high accretion rates in photoevaporative transition disks with a dead zone
• Interpreting high spatial resolution line observations of planet-forming disks with gaps and rings -- The case of HD 163296
• Spirals inside the millimeter cavity of transition disk SR 21
• Magnetism, X-rays, and Accretion Rates in WD 1145+017 and other Polluted White Dwarf Systems
• Pileups and Migration Rates for Planets in Low Mass Disks
• PDS 70: A transition disk sculpted by a single planet
• The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN
• Accreting Transition Discs with large cavities created by X-ray photoevaporation in C and O depleted discs
• Solving grain size inconsistency between ALMA polarization and VLA continuum in the Ophiuchus IRS 48 protoplanetary disk
• Observing the linked depletion of dust and CO gas at 0.1-10 au in disks of intermediate-mass stars
• Probing the magnetospheric accretion region of the young pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 using VLTI/GRAVITY
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS) -- Results from a Six Year Campaign to Image Accreting Protoplanets
• The Frequency Of Binary Star Interlopers Amongst Transitional Discs
• Cm-wavelength observations of MWC758: resolved dust trapping in a vortex
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Planet-Induced Line Broadening in Gaps
• Stellar Photospheric Abundances as a Probe of Disks and Planets
• A gas density drop in the inner 6 AU of the transition disk around the Herbig Ae star HD 139614: Further evidence for a giant planet inside the disk?
• A multi-instrument and multi-wavelength high angular resolution study of MWC614: quantum heated particles inside the disk cavity
• Probing planet formation and disk substructures in the inner disk of Herbig Ae stars with CO rovibrational emission
• Investigating the magnetospheric accretion process in the young pre-transitional disk system DoAr 44 (V2062~Oph). A multiwavelength interferometric, spectropolarimetric, and photometric observing campaign
• Resolved millimeter-dust continuum cavity around the very low mass young star CIDA 1
• If you like C/O variations, you should have put a ring on it
• Magnetised Winds in Transition Discs I: 2.5D Global Simulations
• Investigating the asymmetric chemistry in the disk around the young star HD 142527
• The Flared Gas Structure of the Transitional Disk around Sz 91
• Dust Traps and the Formation of Cavities in Transition Discs: A millimetre to sub-millimetre comparison survey
• Spiral Arm Pattern Motion in the SAO 206462 Protoplanetary Disk
• Dust traps as planetary birthsites: basics and vortex formation
• Investigating the gas-to-dust ratio in the protoplanetary disk of HD 142527
• Eccentric Dust Ring in the IRS 48 Transition Disk
• Observational signatures of eccentric Jupiters inside gas cavities in protoplanetary discs
• The Matryoshka Disk: Keck/NIRC2 Discovery of a Solar System-Scale, Radially Segregated Residual Protoplanetary Disk Around HD 141569A
• Exploring HNC and HCN line emission as probes of the protoplanetary disk temperature
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• Probing the protoplanetary disk gas surface density distribution with ${}^{13}$CO emission
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk IV. Nitric oxide gas and a lack of CN tracing sublimating ices and a C/O ratio $<1$
• Kinematical signs of dust trapping and feedback in a local pressure bump in the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527 revealed with ALMA
• ALMA high-resolution observations unveil planet formation shaping molecular emission in the PDS 70 disk
• exoALMA. XVII. Characterizing the Gas Dynamics around Dust Asymmetries
• Dynamical signatures of Rossby vortices in cavity-hosting disks
• External or internal companion exciting the spiral arms in CQ Tau?
• No Significant Correlation between Line-emission and Continuum Substructures in the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales Program
• Detailed modeling of dust distribution in the disk of HD 142527
• Planet formation in the PDS 70 system: Constraining the atmospheric chemistry of PDS 70b and c
• The evolution of circumstellar discs in the Galactic Centre: an application to the G-clouds
• First detections of H13CO+ and HC15N in the disk around HD 97048: Evidence for a cold gas reservoir in the outer disk
• 3.3 cm JVLA observations of transitional disks: searching for centimeter pebbles
• Gap Opening and Inner Disk Structure in the Strongly Accreting Transition Disk of DM Tau
• A resolved and asymmetric ring of PAHs within the young circumstellar disk of IRS 48
• Disk evolution and the fate of water
• New Spatially Resolved Imaging of the SR 21 Transition Disk and Constraints on the Small-Grain Disk Geometry
• A model exploration of NIR ro-vibrational CO emission as a tracer of inner cavities in protoplanetary disks
• Millimeter emission in photoevaporating disks is determined by early substructures
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Second-generation protoplanetary discs around evolved binaries: a high-resolution polarimetric view with SPHERE/IRDIS
• HCO+ Detection of Dust-Depleted Gas in the Inner Hole of the LkCa 15 Pre-Transitional Disk
• Can gap-edge illumination excite spirals in protoplanetary disks? Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics and NIR image modelling
• Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system
• Migration jumps of planets in transition disks
• Observing Circumplanetary Disks with METIS
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• Early High-contrast Imaging Results with Keck/NIRC2-PWFS: The SR 21 Disk
• Dust Rings and Cavities in the Protoplanetary Disks around HD 163296 and DoAr 44
• Gas distribution in ODISEA sources from ALMA long-baseline observations in ${}^{12}$CO(2-1)
• On the origin of transition disk cavities: Pebble-accreting protoplanets vs Super-Jupiters
• Dynamics of small grains in transitional discs
• Mid-infrared Multi-wavelength Imaging of Ophiuchus\,IRS\,48\,Transitional Disk
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk: II. prominent SO and SO2 pointing to C/O < 1
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• On the cavity size in circumbinary discs
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau
• Multi-scale radiative-transfer model of the protoplanetary disc DoAr 44
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• Selected aspects of the analysis of molecular line observation of edge-on circumbinary disks
• Observability of characteristic binary-induced structures in circumbinary disks
• Two Rings and a Marginally Resolved, 5 AU, Disk Around LkCa 15 Identified Via Near Infrared Sparse Aperture Masking Interferometry
• Observational evidence for a possible link between PAH emission and dust trap locations in protoplanetary disks
• Constraining the mass of the planet(s) sculpting a disk cavity. The intriguing case of 2MASS J16042165-2130284
• The Circumbinary Disc of HD 34700A II. Analysis of a strong dust asymmetry