Linking planetary embryo formation to planetesimal formation II: The impact of pebble accretion in the terrestrial planet zone

Abstract

The accretion of pebbles on planetary cores has been widely studied in recent years and is found to be a highly effective mechanism for planetary growth. While most studies assume planetary cores as an initial condition in their simulation, the question how, where and when these cores form is often neglected. We study the impact of pebble accretion during the formation phase and subsequent evolution of planetary embryos in the early stages of circumstellar disk evolution. In doing so we aim to quantify the timescales and local dependency of planetary embryo formation, based on the solid evolution of the disk. We connect a one dimensional two population model for solid evolution and pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation to the N-body code LIPAD. In our study we focus on the growth of planetesimals with an initial size of 100 km in diameter by planetesimal collisions and pebble accretion for the first 1 million years of a viscously evolving disk. We compare 18 different N-body simulations in which we vary the total planetesimal mass after 1 million years, the surface density profile of the planetesimal disk, the radial pebble flux and the possibility of pebble accretion. Pebble accretion leads to the formation of fewer, but substantially more massive embryos. The area of possible embryo formation is weakly influenced by the accretion of pebbles and the innermost embryos tend to form slightly earlier compared to the simulations in which pebble accretion is neglected. Pebble accretion strongly enhances the formation of super earths in the terrestrial planet region, but it does not enhance the formation of embryos at larger distances.

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Cited by in corpus (20)

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• Testing the Jeans, Toomre and Bonnor-Ebert concepts for planetesimal formation: 3D streaming instability simulations of diffusion regulated formation of planetesimals
• Mind the gap: Distinguishing disc substructures and their impact on the inner disc composition
• The growth and migration of massive planets under the influence of external photoevaporation
• How to make giant planets via pebble accretion
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star
• Linking planetary embryo formation to planetesimal formation I: The impact of the planetesimal surface density in the terrestrial planet zone
• Unveiling the internal structure and formation history of the three planets transiting HIP 29442 (TOI-469) with CHEOPS
• Implications of Jupiter Inward Gas-Driven Migration for the Inner Solar System
• The interplay between pebble and planetesimal accretion in population synthesis models and its role in giant planet formation
• On the multiple generations of planetary embryos
• The Kepler-223 resonance holds information on turbulence during the gas disk phase
• High Resolution Study of Planetesimal Formation by Gravitational Collapse of Pebble Clouds
• Planet population synthesis: The role of stellar encounters
• Extreme Pebble Accretion in Ringed Protoplanetary Discs
• Forming rocky exoplanets around K-dwarf stars
• Forming Earth-like and Low-Mass Rocky Exoplanets Through Pebble and Planetesimal Accretion
• The Effect of Accretion Rate and Composition on the Structure of Ice-rich Super-Earths