Assessing the processes behind planet engulfment and its imprints

Abstract

Throughout a planetary system's formation evolution, some of the planetary material may end up falling into the host star and be engulfed by it, leading to a potential variation of the stellar composition. The present study explores how planet engulfment may impact the chemical composition of the stellar surface and discusses what would be the rate of events with an observable imprint, for Sun-like stars. We use data from the NGPPS calculations by the Generation III Bern model to analyse the conditions under which planet engulfment may occur. Additionally, we use stellar models computed with Cesam2k20 to account for how the stellar internal structure and its processes may affect the dilution of the signal caused by planet engulfment. Our results show that there are three different phases associated to different mechanisms under which engulfment events may happen. Moreover, systems that undergo planet engulfment are more likely to come from protoplanetary disks that are more massive and more metal-rich than non-engulfing systems. Engulfment events leading to an observable signal happen after the dissipation of the protoplanetary disk when the convective envelope of the stars becomes thinner. With the stellar convective layer shrinking as the star evolves in the main sequence, they display a higher variation of chemical composition, which also correlates with the amount of engulfed material. By accounting for the physical processes happening in the stellar interior and in the optimistic case of being able to detect variations above 0.02 dex in the stellar composition, we find an engulfment rate no higher than $20\%$ for Sun-like stars that may reveal detectable traces of planet engulfment. Engulfment events that lead to an observable variation of the stellar composition are rare due to the specific conditions required to result in such signatures.

Accepted to A&A journal

References in corpus (72)

• XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System
• The chemical composition of the Sun
• Low Temperature Opacities
• The false positive rate of Kepler and the occurrence of planets
• The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
• Models of Giant Planet formation with migration and disc evolution
• Chemical abundances of 1111 FGK stars from the HARPS GTO planet search program.Galactic stellar populations and planets
• Extrasolar planet population synthesis I: Method, formation tracks and mass-distance distribution
• The age structure of stellar populations in the solar vicinity. Clues of a two-phase formation history of the Milky Way disk
• A torque formula for non-isothermal Type I planetary migration - II. Effects of diffusion
• The peculiar solar composition and its possible relation to planet formation
• Planetary population synthesis coupled with atmospheric escape: a statistical view of evaporation
• Can we constrain interior structure of rocky exoplanets from mass and radius measurements?
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation I: Models of combined planet formation and evolution
• Seismic diagnostics for transport of angular momentum in stars 1. Rotational splittings from the PMS to the RGB
• The Compositional Diversity of Extrasolar Terrestrial Planets: I. In-Situ Simulations
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation II: The planetary mass-radius relationship
• The Mass of the Convective Zone in FGK Main Sequence Stars and the Effect of Accreted Planetary Material on Apparent Metallicity Determinations
• Migration and giant planet formation
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). IV. Planetary systems around low-mass stars
• CESAM: a free code for stellar evolution calculations
• Theoretical models of planetary system formation: mass vs semi-major axis
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). I. Bern global model of planet formation and evolution, model tests, and emerging planetary systems
• Elemental abundance differences in the 16 Cygni binary system: a signature of gas giant planet formation?
• From stellar nebula to planets: the refractory components
• Scaling the Earth: A Sensitivity Analysis of Terrestrial Exoplanetary Interior Models
• Planet formation models: the interplay with the planetesimal disc
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). II. Planetary population of solar-like stars and overview of statistical results
• Searching for the signatures of terrestial planets in solar analogs
• The bottleneck of the CNO burning and the age of the Globular Clusters
• Searching for the signatures of terrestrial planets in F-, G-type main-sequence stars
• The Abundance Distribution in the Extrasolar-Planet Host Star HD19994
• Chemical Transport and Spontaneous Layer Formation in Fingering Convection in Astrophysics
• Impacts of planet migration models on planetary populations. Effects of saturation, cooling and stellar irradiation
• Abundances and possible diffusion of elements in M67 stars
• Abundances of Stars with Planets: Trends with Condensation Temperature
• On the origin of stars with and without planets. Tc trends and clues to Galactic evolution
• Constraining planet structure and composition from stellar chemistry: trends in different stellar populations
• From planetesimals to planets: volatile molecules
• A possible signature of terrestrial planet formation in the chemical composition of solar analogs
• Kronos & Krios: Evidence for accretion of a massive, rocky planetary system in a comoving pair of solar-type stars
• A high precision chemical abundance analysis of the HAT-P-1 stellar binary: constraints on planet formation
• Impacts of radiative accelerations on solar-like oscillating main-sequence stars
• Influence of thermohaline convection on diffusion-induced iron accumulation in A stars
• Signatures of rocky planet engulfment in HAT-P-4. Implications for chemical tagging studies
• Fingerprints of giant planets in the composition of solar twins
• Chemical evidence for planetary ingestion in a quarter of Sun-like stars
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). V. Predetermination of planet types in global core accretion models
• The Gaia-ESO survey: 3D NLTE abundances in the open cluster NGC 2420 suggest atomic diffusion and turbulent mixing at the origin of chemical abundance variations
• The Volatility Trend of Protosolar and Terrestrial Elemental Abundances
• Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at $3\sigma$ with CHEOPS
• The chemical composition of HIP34407/HIP34426 and other twin-star comoving pairs
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: HD32963 -- A New Jupiter Analog Orbiting a Sun-like Star
• Accretion of planetary matter and the lithium problem in the 16 Cygni stellar system
• Revisiting the pre-main-sequence evolution of stars II. Consequences of planet formation on stellar surface composition
• TESS Giants Transiting Giants II: The hottest Jupiters orbiting evolved stars
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: chemical signatures of rocky accretion in a young solar-type star
• The Gaia-ESO Survey: the first abundance determination of the pre-main-sequence cluster Gamma Velorum
• Host-star and exoplanet compositions: a pilot study usinga wide binary with a polluted white dwarf
• At least one in a dozen stars exhibits evidence of planetary ingestion
• HD 80606: Searching the chemical signature of planet formation
• Planet Engulfment Detections are Rare According to Observations and Stellar Modeling
• Detailed elemental abundances of binary stars: Searching for signatures of planet formation and atomic diffusion
• Planet Engulfment Signatures in Twin Stars
• Stellar ages and masses in the solar neighbourhood: Bayesian analysis using spectroscopy and Gaia DR1 parallaxes
• The HD 137496 system: A dense, hot super-Mercury and a cold Jupiter
• Thermohaline instabilities inside stars: a synthetic study including external turbulence and radiative levitation
• Detailed Abundances of Planet-Hosting Wide Binaries. II. HD80606 + HD80607
• Sun-like stars unlike the Sun: Clues for chemical anomalies of cool stars
• Galactic chemical evolution]{Galactic chemical evolution of the solar neighborhood, solar twins and exoplanet indicators
• Characterization of Exoplanet-Host Stars

Cited by in corpus (6)

• DIPSY: A new Disc Instability Population SYnthesis, II. The Populations of Companions Formed Through Disc Instability
• Two neighbours of the ultra-short-period Earth-sized planet K2-157 b in the warm Neptunian savanna
• Searching for lambda Boo stars in binary systems
• Observational imprints of tidal internal gravity wave dissipation in star-planet systems
• Evolution of the ZTF SLRN-2020 star-planet merger
• Intermediate-mass stars and the origin of the gas-giant planet-metallicity correlation