A Temperature and Abundance Retrieval Method for Exoplanet Atmospheres

Abstract

We present a new method to retrieve molecular abundances and temperature profiles from exoplanet atmosphere photometry and spectroscopy. We run millions of 1D atmosphere models in order to cover the large range of allowed parameter space, and present error contours in the atmospheric properties, given the data. In order to run such a large number of models, we have developed a parametric pressure-temperature (P-T) profile coupled with line-by-line radiative transfer, hydrostatic equilibrium, and energy balance, along with prescriptions for non-equilibrium molecular composition and energy redistribution. We apply our temperature and abundance retrieval method to the atmospheres of two transiting exoplanets, HD 189733b and HD 209458b, which have the best available Spitzer and HST observations. For HD 189733b, we find efficient day-night redistribution of energy in the atmosphere, and molecular abundance constraints confirming the presence of H2O, CO, CH4, and CO2. For HD 209458b, we confirm and constrain the day-side thermal inversion in an average 1D temperature profile. We also report independent detections of H${}_2$O, CO, CH${}_4$ and CO${}_2$ on the dayside of HD 209458b, based on six-channel Spitzer photometry. We report constraints for HD 189733b due to individual data sets separately; a few key observations are variable in different data sets at similar wavelengths. Moreover, a noticeably strong carbon dioxide absorption in one data set is significantly weaker in another. We must, therefore, acknowledge the strong possibility that the atmosphere is variable, both in its energy redistribution state and in the chemical abundances.

20 pages in emulateapj format, 11 figures. Final version, after proof corrections

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• Self-consistent atmosphere modeling with cloud formation for low-mass stars and exoplanets
• An investigation of a super-Earth exoplanet with a greenhouse-gas atmosphere using a general circulation model
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: a featureless spectrum for the low-density transiting exoplanet WASP-88b
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Larger and faster: revised properties and a shorter orbital period for the WASP-57 planetary system from a pro-am collaboration
• The JWST Weather Report: retrieving temperature variations, auroral heating, and static cloud coverage on SIMP-0136
• Scaling Relations for Terrestrial Exoplanet Atmospheres from Baroclinic Criticality
• Longitudinally Resolved Spectral Retrieval (ReSpect) of WASP-43b
• YunMa: Enabling Spectral Retrievals of Exoplanetary Clouds
• Inferring Chemical Disequilibrium Biosignatures for Proterozoic Earth-Like Exoplanets
• A formally motivated retrieval framework applied to the high resolution transmission spectrum of HD 189733 b
• Evidence for stellar contamination in the transmission spectra of HAT-P-12b
• Knobs and dials of retrieving JWST transmission spectra. I. The importance of p-T profile complexity
• Optical Transmission Spectra of Hot-Jupiters: Effects of Scattering
• The hidden depths of planetary atmospheres
• Tracing the formation and migration history: molecular signatures in the atmosphere of misaligned hot Jupiter WASP-94Ab using JWST NIRSpec/G395H
• Ground-based detection of the near-infrared emission from the dayside of WASP-5b
• Effects of Thermal Emission on the Transmission Spectra of Hot Jupiters
• Prospects for Detecting Signs of Life on Exoplanets in the JWST Era
• Cloud and Haze Parameterization in Atmospheric Retrievals: Insights from Titan's Cassini Data and JWST Observations of Hot Jupiters
• How do we optimally sample model grids of exoplanet spectra?
• Competing chemical signatures in the atmosphere of TOI-270 d: Inference of sulfur and carbon chemistry
• The effect of cloudy atmospheres on the thermal evolution of warm giant planets from an interior modelling perspective
• IGRINS observations of WASP-127 b: H${}_2$O, CO, and super-Solar atmospheric metallicity in the inflated sub-Saturn
• Toward a multidimensional analysis of transmission spectroscopy. Part III: Modelling 2D effects in retrievals with TauREx
• The puzzle of the formation of T8 dwarf Ross 458c
• Warm Spitzer Occultation Photometry of WASP-26b at 3.6μm and 4.5μm
• Grid-Based Atmospheric Retrievals for Reflected-Light Spectra of Exoplanets using PSGnest
• Another look at the dayside spectra of WASP-43b and HD 209458b: are there scattering clouds?
• Radiative Transfer for Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: Evidence for faculae and clouds in the optical spectrum of the warm Saturn WASP-110b
• A Comparative L-dwarf Sample Exploring the Interplay Between Atmospheric Assumptions and Data Properties
• The Hubble/STIS Near-ultraviolet Transmission Spectrum of HD 189733b
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b
• Thermal Emission from the hot Jupiter WASP-103b in J and Ks Bands
• LRG-BEASTS: Evidence for clouds in the transmission spectrum of HATS-46 b
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• Enabling Robust Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Gaussian Processes
• Dark skies of the slightly eccentric WASP-18 b from its optical-to-infrared dayside emission
• JexoSim 2.0: End-to-End JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Spectroscopy -- Implementation and Case Studies
• Retrievals Applied To A Decision Tree Framework Can Characterize Earth-like Exoplanet Analogs
• Parameterizing pressure-temperature profiles of exoplanet atmospheres with neural networks
• The Status of Spectroscopic Data for the Exoplanet Characterisation Missions
• The Effect of Metallicity on the Non-Equilibrium Abundance of Hydrogen Dominated Exoplanet Atmosphere
• Comparing transit spectroscopy pipelines at the catalogue level: evidence for systematic differences
• Cloudy mornings and clear evenings on a gas giant exoplanet
• Physical properties and optical-infrared transmission spectrum of the giant planet XO-1b
• Horizontal and vertical exoplanet thermal structure from a JWST spectroscopic eclipse map
• The effect of spectroscopic binning on atmospheric retrievals
• A dayside thermal inversion in the atmosphere of WASP-19b
• HST Transmission Spectra of the Hot-Neptune HD 219666 b: Detection of Water and the Challenge of Constraining Both Water and Methane
• Near-instantaneous Atmospheric Retrievals and Model Comparison with FASTER
• A Simple Model for Radiative and Convective Fluxes in Planetary Atmospheres
• On The Synergy Between Ariel And Ground-Based High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• A Detailed Investigation of HD 209458 b HST & JWST Transmission Spectra with SANSAR
• The Detection-vs-Retrieval Challenge: Titan as an Exoplanet
• Osiris revisited: Confirming a solar metallicity and low C/O in HD 209458b
• Tighter constraints on the atmosphere of GJ 436 b from combined high-resolution CARMENES and CRIRES${}^{+}$ observations
• Radiative Transfer and Inversion codes for characterizing planetary atmospheres: an overview
• Thermal emission of WASP-48b in the Ks-band
• Spherical Harmonics for the 1D Radiative Transfer Equation I: Reflected Light
• Galactic planetary science
• A New Method for Calibration of Gain Variation in Detector System
• SVEEEETIES: Singular vector expansion to estimate Earth-like exoplanet temperatures from infrared emission spectra
• Detection of Na in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-55b
• Differentiable Modeling of Planet and Substellar Atmosphere: High-Resolution Emission, Transmission, and Reflection Spectroscopy with ExoJAX2
• Aerosols and hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of a white dwarf planet
• Mapping atmospheric features of the planetary-mass brown dwarf SIMP 0136 with JWST NIRISS
• Exploring the Diversity of Jupiter-Class Planets (Discussion Meeting Contribution)
• The Oxyometer: A Novel Instrument Concept for Characterizing Exoplanet Atmospheres
• A Two-limb Explanation for the Optical-to-infrared Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter HAT-P-32Ab
• Open Source High-Resolution Exoplanet Atmosphere Retrievals with POSEIDON
• Atmospheric heat redistribution effect on Emission spectra of Hot-Jupiters
• Molecular formation along the atmospheric mass loss of HD 209458 b and similar Hot Jupiters
• Methane on the temperate exo-Saturn TOI-199b
• First Results from WINERED: Detection of Emission Lines from Neutral Iron and a Combined Set of Trace Species on the Dayside of WASP-189 b
• Near infrared and optical emission of WASP-5 b
• Estimation of Exoplanetary Planet-to-Star Radius Ratio with Homomorphic Processing
• HyDRo: Atmospheric Retrieval of Rocky Exoplanets in Thermal Emission
• Modern Earth-like Chemical Disequilibrium Biosignatures Are Challenging To Constrain Through Spectroscopic Retrievals
• Horizontal transport as a source of disequilibrium chemistry on the nightside of a hot exoplanet
• KRONOS I: The $1-2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Assessing robustness and bias in 1D retrievals of 3D Global Circulation Models at high spectral resolution: a WASP-76 b simulation case study in emission
• Day-side Fe I Emission, Day-Night Brightness Contrast and Phase Offset of the Exoplanet WASP-33b
• Panchromatic characterization of the Y0 brown dwarf WISEP J173835.52+273258.9 using JWST/MIRI
• The HUSTLE Program: The UV to Near-IR Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter KELT-7b
• Assessment of a Physics-based Retrieval of Exoplanet Atmospheric Temperatures from Infrared Emission Spectra
• Effect of clouds on emission spectra for Super Venus
• Using observations of escaping H/He to constrain the atmospheric composition of sub-Neptunes