The 3.6-8.0 Micron Broadband Emission Spectrum of HD 209458b: Evidence for an Atmospheric Temperature Inversion

Abstract

We estimate the strength of the bandpass-integrated thermal emission from the extrasolar planet HD 209458b at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0 microns using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We observe a single secondary eclipse simultaneously in all four bandpasses and find relative eclipse depths of 0.00094 +/- 0.00009, 0.00213 +/- 0.00015, 0.00301 +/- 0.00043, and 0.00240 +/- 0.00026, respectively. These eclipse depths reveal that the shape of the inferred emission spectrum for the planet differs significantly from the predictions of standard atmosphere models; instead the most plausible explanation would require the presence of an inversion layer high in the atmosphere leading to significant water emission in the 4.5 and 5.8 micron bandpasses. This is the first clear indication of such a temperature inversion in the atmosphere of a hot Jupiter, as previous observations of other planets appeared to be in reasonably good agreement with the predictions of models without such an inversion layer.

14 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Hot exoplanetary atmospheres in 3D
• Photo-reverberation Mapping of a Protoplanetary Accretion Disk around a T Tauri Star
• The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets - II. Null results for 19 planets
• Phase closure nulling. Application to the spectroscopy of faint companions
• Spectral Eclipse Timing
• Periodic transit and variability search with simultaneous systematics filtering: Is it worth it?
• Trends in Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• A New Method for Characterizing Very-Low-Mass Companions with Low Resolution Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Searching for the secondary eclipse of CoRoT-Exo-2b and its transit timing variations
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• A Global Non-Hydrostatic Atmospheric Model with a Mass and Energy Conserving Vertically-Implicit-Correction (VIC) Scheme
• Warm Spitzer Occultation Photometry of WASP-26b at 3.6μm and 4.5μm
• Detection of rubidium and samarium in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter MASCARA-4b
• A SEA BASS on the exoplanet HD209458b
• Benchmark Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C: Spitzer Secondary Eclipse Observations Yield Brightness Temperature and mid-T Spectral Class
• Colour-colour and colour-magnitude diagrams for Hot Jupiters
• Detecting the Wind-Driven Shapes of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit Photometry
• Investigating the potential of the Pan-Planets project using Monte Carlo simulations
• Reassessing Exoplanet Light Curves with a Thermal Model
• Knot a Bad Idea: Testing BLISS Mapping for Spitzer Space Telescope Photometry
• The extrasolar planet atmosphere and exosphere: Emission and transmission spectroscopy
• Unveiling the atmospheres of giant exoplanets with an EChO-class mission
• An educated search for transiting habitable planets. Targetting M dwarfs with known transiting planets
• Giant Planet Atmospheres and Spectra
• Influences of internal forcing on atmospheric circulations of irradiated giant planets
• High-resolution spectroscopic search for the thermal emission of the extrasolar planet HD 217107 b
• Thermal emission of WASP-48b in the Ks-band
• Atmospheric composition and structure of HD209458b
• More planetary candidates from K2 Campaign 5 by tran_k2
• Illusion and Reality in the Atmospheres of Exoplanets
• Search for a circum-planetary material and orbital period variations of short-period Kepler exoplanet candidates
• Emergent Exoplanet Flux: Review of the Spitzer Results
• Towards the Albedo of an Exoplanet: MOST Satellite Observations of Bright Transiting Exoplanetary Systems
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Spectrum and atmosphere models of irradiated transiting extrasolar giant planets
• L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization
• Day-side Fe I Emission, Day-Night Brightness Contrast and Phase Offset of the Exoplanet WASP-33b
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) I. Survey Overview, Reduction Pipeline, and Early Results
• Effect of clouds on emission spectra for Super Venus
• Linking atmospheric chemistry of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b to its formation location through infrared transmission and emission spectra