Interstellar water chemistry: from laboratory to observations

Abstract

Water is observed throughout the universe, from diffuse interstellar clouds to protoplanetary disks around young stars, and from comets in our own solar system and exoplanetary atmospheres to galaxies at high redshifts. This review summarizes the spectroscopy and excitation of water in interstellar space as well as the basic chemical processes that form and destroy water under interstellar conditions. Three major routes to water formation are identified: low temperature ion-molecule chemistry, high-temperature neutral-neutral chemistry and gas-ice chemistry. The rate coefficients of several important processes entering the networks are discussed in detail; several of them have been determined only in the last decade through laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations. Astronomical examples of each of the different chemical routes are presented using data from powerful new telescopes, in particular the Herschel Space Observatory. Basic chemical physics studies remain critically important to analyze astronomical data.

Authors' manuscript 138 pages, 34 figures, 4 tables, published in a Thematic Issue "Astrochemistry" in Chemical Reviews (December 2013), volume 113, 9043-9085 following peer review by the American Chemical Society. The published paper is available as open access at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cr4003177

References in corpus (38)

• A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34
• Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era
• Early Science with SOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
• Simulation of the Formation and Morphology of Ice Mantles on Interstellar Grains
• Laboratory evidence for efficient water formation in interstellar ices
• Photoprocesses in protoplanetary disks
• H2O and OH gas in the terrestrial planet-forming zones of protoplanetary disks
• Molecular Evolution and Star Formation: From Prestellar Cores to Protostellar Cores
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• A cosmic abundance standard: chemical homogeneity of the solar neighbourhood and the ISM dust-phase composition
• Photodesorption of water ice: a molecular dynamics study
• Formation of hydrogen peroxide and water from the reaction of cold hydrogen atoms with solid oxygen at 10K
• Parametrization of C-shocks. Evolution of the Sputtering of Grains
• The effect of uncertainties on chemical models of dark clouds
• Quasi-classical rate coefficient calculations for the rotational (de)excitation of H2O by H2
• A new modified-rate approach for gas-grain chemical simulations
• The Luminosity Functions and Timescales of MYSOs and Compact HII regions
• Formation of Water in the Warm Atmospheres of Protoplanetary Disks
• Density-enhanced gas and dust shells in a new chemical model for IRC+10216
• Detection of interstellar hydrogen peroxide
• Warm water vapour in the sooty outflow from a luminous carbon star
• Water Formation through a Quantum Tunneling Surface Reaction, OH + H2, at 10 K
• Molecular dynamics simulations of the ice temperature dependence of water ice photodesorption
• Chemical Modelling of Young Stellar Objects, I. Method and Benchmarks
• Sensitivity analyses of dense cloud chemical models
• Discovery of superthermal hydroxyl (OH) in the HH211 outflow
• Detection of the hydroperoxyl radical HO2 toward ρOph A: Additional constraints on the water chemical network
• High-excitation OH and H_2O lines in Markarian 231: the molecular signatures of compact far-infrared continuum sources
• Band profiles and band strengths in mixed H2O:CO ices
• Water in IRC+10216: a genuine formation process by shock-induced chemistry in the inner wind
• SWAS Observations of Water in Molecular Outflows
• Submillimeter vibrationally excited water emission from the peculiar red supergiant VY CMa
• A multi-transition submillimeter water maser study of evolved stars - detection of a new line near 475 GHz
• Molecular dynamics simulations of D2O ice photodesorption
• H2O line mapping at high spatial and spectral resolution - Herschel observations of the VLA1623 outflow
• Circumstellar water vapour in M-type AGB stars: Constraints from H2O(1_10 - 1_01) lines obtained with Odin
• Water destruction by X-rays in young stellar objects
• Water masers in the Local Group of galaxies

Cited by in corpus (128)

• The Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy, CDMS, in the Virtual Atomic and Molecular Data Centre, VAMDC
• Photodissociation and photoionisation of atoms and molecules of astrophysical interest
• Atom-Tunneling in Chemistry
• The molecular composition of the planet-forming regions of protoplanetary disks across the luminosity regime
• Atom addition reactions in interstellar ice analogues
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy
• Astrochemistry of dust, ice and gas: introduction and overview
• Interstellar Hydrides
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• CO and N${}_2$ desorption energies from water ice
• An infrared measurement of chemical desorption from interstellar ice analogues
• Benchmarking spin-state chemistry in starless core models
• A primordial origin for molecular oxygen in comets: A chemical kinetics study of the formation and survival of O${}_2$ ice from clouds to disks
• The depletion of water during dispersal of planet-forming disk regions
• Analytic HI-to-H2 Photodissociation Transition Profiles
• Thermal Phases of the Neutral Atomic Interstellar Medium -- from Solar Metallicity to Primordial Gas
• Separating Para and Ortho Water
• CO/H2, C/CO, OH/CO, and OH/O2 in Dense Interstellar Gas: From High Ionization to Low Metallicity
• Reactive Desorption of CO Hydrogenation Products under Cold Pre-stellar Core Conditions
• Chemistry and Radiative Transfer of Water in Cold, Dense Clouds
• Formation of interstellar methanol ice prior to the heavy CO freeze-out stage
• Submillimeter H2O and H2O+ emission in lensed ultra- and hyper-luminous infrared galaxies at z ~ 2-4
• MINDS. Abundant water and varying C/O across the disk of Sz 98 as seen by JWST/MIRI
• The HI-to-H2 Transition in a Turbulent Medium
• The diverse chemistry of protoplanetary disks as revealed by JWST
• Atom Tunneling in the Water Formation Reaction H${}_2$ + OH $\to$ H${}_2$O + H on an Ice Surface
• Astrochemistry: overview and challenges
• Formation of complex molecules in translucent clouds: Acetaldehyde, vinyl alcohol, ketene, and ethanol via nonenergetic processing of C2H2 ice
• Where does the energy go during the interstellar NH${}_3$ formation on water ice? A computational study
• Shockingly low water abundances in Herschel / PACS observations of low-mass protostars in Perseus
• Laboratory and Computational Studies of Interstellar Ices
• Candidate Water Vapor Lines to Locate the H${}_2$O Snowline through High-Dispersion Spectroscopic Observations I. The Case of a T Tauri Star
• Herschel spectroscopic observations of the compact obscured nucleus in Zw 049.057
• Chemical modeling of water deuteration in IRAS16293-2422
• Water deuterium fractionation in the high-mass star-forming region G34.26+0.15 based on Herschel/HIFI data
• Photodesorption of H2O, HDO, and D2O ice and its impact on fractionation
• Water in Low-Mass Star-Forming Regions with Herschel: The Link Between Water Gas and Ice in Protostellar Envelopes
• X-ray induced chemistry of water and related molecules in low-mass protostellar envelopes
• The EDIBLES survey IV. Cosmic ray ionization rates in diffuse clouds from near-ultraviolet observations of interstellar OH${}^{+}$
• Evidence for a Cosmic Ray Gradient in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• VLT/ISAAC infrared spectroscopy of embedded high-mass YSOs in the Large Magellanic Cloud: Methanol and the 3.47 micron band
• Behavior of Hydroxyl Radicals on Water Ice at Low Temperatures
• Missing water in Class I protostellar disks
• JWST detections of amorphous and crystalline HDO ice toward massive protostars
• Importance of tunneling in H-abstraction reactions by OH radicals: The case of CH4 + OH studied through isotope-substituted analogs
• A non-equilibrium ortho-to-para ratio of water in the Orion PDR
• OH absorption in the first quadrant of the Milky Way as seen by THOR
• A Herschel/HIFI Legacy Survey of HF and H2O in the Galaxy: Probing Diffuse Molecular Cloud Chemistry
• The ortho-to-para ratio of water in interstellar clouds
• Sulphur-rich cold gas around the hot core precursor G328.2551-0.5321. An APEX unbiased spectral survey of the 2 mm, 1.2 mm, and 0.8 mm atmospheric windows
• ATOMIUM: Probing the inner wind of evolved O-rich stars with new, highly excited H${}_2$O and OH lines
• Inflowing gas onto a compact obscured nucleus in Arp 299A: Herschel spectroscopic studies of H2O and OH
• First detection of the 448 GHz ortho-H2O line at high redshift: probing the structure of a starburst nucleus at z = 3.63
• Imaging the water snowline in a protostellar envelope with H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$
• The water abundance behind interstellar shocks: results from $Herschel$/PACS and $Spitzer$/IRS observations of H${}_2$O, CO, and H${}_2$
• SOFIA/EXES Observations of Water Absorption in the Protostar AFGL 2591 at High Spectral Resolution
• The ionization rates of galactic nuclei and disks from Herschel/HIFI observations of water and its associated ions
• MINDS. JWST-MIRI reveals a peculiar CO${}_2$-rich chemistry in the drift-dominated disk CX Tau
• Linking low- to high-mass YSOs with Herschel-HIFI observations of water
• Ions in the Thermosphere of Exoplanets: Observable Constraints Revealed by Innovative Laboratory Experiments
• Study Turbulence and Probe Magnetic Field Using Gradients Technique: Application to HI-to-H2 Transition Regions
• The water line emission and ortho-to-para ratio in the Orion Bar photon-dominated region
• Vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectroscopy of space-related ices: 1 keV electron irradiation of nitrogen- and oxygen-rich ices
• Water Formation During the Epoch of First Metal Enrichment
• Collisional excitation of water by hydrogen atoms
• Water emission from the high-mass star-forming region IRAS 17233-3606. High water abundances at high velocities
• Alcohols on the rocks: solid-state formation in a H3CCCH + OH cocktail under dark cloud conditions
• Tracing shock type with chemical diagnostics: an application to L1157
• z-GAL -- A NOEMA spectroscopic redshift survey of bright Herschel galaxies: [III] Physical properties
• The Role of Terahertz and Far-IR Spectroscopy in Understanding the Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Prebiotic Molecules
• Herschel spectroscopy of Massive Young Stellar Objects in the Magellanic Clouds
• OH mid-infrared emission as a diagnostic of H${}_2$O UV photodissociation. II. Application to interstellar PDRs
• First detection of the 448 GHz H2O transition in space
• Did life originate from low-temperature areas of the Universe?
• SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys
• The Herschel-HIFI view of mid-IR quiet massive protostellar objects
• Dimming and CO absorption toward the AA Tau protoplanetary disk: An infalling flow caused by disk instability?
• The H${}_2$O Spectrum of the Massive Protostar AFGL 2136 IRS 1 from 2 to 13 $\mu$m at High Resolution: Probing the Circumstellar Disk
• Single-atom catalysis in space: Computational exploration of Fischer Tropsch reactions in astrophysical environments
• Chemistry on Rotating Grain Surface: Ro-Thermal Desorption of Molecules from Ice Mantles
• Theoretical modelling of the adsorption of neutral and charged sulphur-bearing species on to olivine nanoclusters
• Mechanism of Indirect Photon-induced Desorption at the Water Ice Surface
• Proton and electron irradiations of CH4:H2O mixed ices
• Herschel spectral-line mapping of the HH211 protostellar system
• Molecular Mobility of Extraterrestrial Ices: Surface Diffusion in Astrochemistry and Planetary Science
• Visible-Light Photoionization of Aromatic Molecules in Water-Ice: Organic Chemistry across the Universe with Less Energy
• Modeling snowline locations in protostars: The impact of the structure of protostellar cloud cores
• Desorption of neutrals, cations and anions from core-excited amorphous solid water
• Understanding JWST water spectra: what can thermochemical models tell us about the (cold) water in protoplanetary disks?
• Chemistry During the Gas-rich Stage of Planet Formation
• An accurate set of H${}_3$O${}^{+}-$ H${}_2$ collisional rate coefficients for non-LTE modelling of warm interstellar clouds
• SOFIA/GREAT observations of OD and OH rotational lines towards high-mass star forming regions
• Infrared multiple-angle incidence resolution spectrometry for vapor-deposited amorphous water
• Observations of water with Herschel/HIFI toward the high-mass protostar AFGL 2591
• The nuclear-spin-forbidden rovibrational transitions of water from first principles
• IRFEL Selective Irradiation of Amorphous Solid Water: from Dangling to Bulk Modes
• Structure and kinematics of the clouds surrounding the Galactic mini-starburst W43 MM1
• Infrared band strengths of dangling OH features in amorphous water at 20 K
• Analysis of Low Excitation HDO Transitions Toward the High-Mass Star-forming Regions G34.26+0.15, W51e${}_1$/e${}_2$, and W49N
• Low-temperature chemistry between water and hydroxyl radicals: H/D isotopic effects
• Challenging shock models with SOFIA OH observations in the high-mass star-forming region Cepheus A
• Water Ice Deposition and Growth in Molecular Clouds
• Different molecular filament widths as tracers of accretion onto filaments
• Precise frequencies of H${}_2^{16}$O lines protected for radio astronomy
• Diffusive vs. non-diffusive paths to interstellar hydrogen peroxide. A machine learning-based molecular dynamics study
• Rotational excitation of H${}_3$O${}^{+}$ cations by para-H${}_2$: improved collisional data at low temperatures
• Water emission tracing active star formation from the Milky Way to high-$z$ galaxies
• Herschel and Odin observations of H2O, CO, CH, CH+, and NII in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1365. Bar-induced activity in the outer and inner circumnuclear tori
• Do cement nanoparticles exist in space ?
• New SiS destruction and formation routes via neutral-neutral reactions and their fundamental role in interstellar clouds at low and high metallicity values
• Broadening of H${}_2$O rotational lines by collision with He atoms at low temperature
• FAST Observations of Four Comets to Search for the Molecular Line Emissions between 1.0 and 1.5 GHz Frequencies
• Structure of crystalline water ice formed through neon matrix sublimation under cryogenic and vacuum conditions
• Continuum, CO and Water vapour maps of the Orion Nebula. First millimetre spectral imaging with Concerto
• Laboratory astrophysics: key to understanding the Universe
• Branching ratio for $\text{O}+{\text{H}}_3^{+}$ forming ${\text{OH}}^{+}+{\text{H}}_2$ and ${\text{H}}_2{\text{O}}^{+}+\text{H}$
• Supernova Shocks in Molecular Clouds: Shocks Driven into Dense Cores in IC 443 and 3C 391
• Water abundance in four of the brightest water sources in the southern sky
• Deep search for hydrogen peroxide toward pre- and protostellar objects -- Testing the pathway of grain surface water formation
• Weak, extended water vapor emission in the Horsehead nebula
• Collisional Pumping of H${}_2$O and CH${}_3$OH Masers in C-Type Shock Waves
• Formation of phosphorus monoxide (PO) in the interstellar medium: insights from quantum-chemical and kinetic calculations
• Hydrogen in diffuse molecular clouds in the Milky Way: Atomic column densities and molecular fraction along prominent lines of sight
• A quadratic-scaling algorithm with guaranteed convergence for quantum coupled-channel calculations
• Optical constants of Ih, Ic, and amorphous H${}_2$O ices in the THz and IR ranges
• Hunting for methanol in the water rich, planet forming disk around HL Tau
• Discovery of a primordial water reservoir in the envelope of HH211