SUNRISE: The rich molecular inventory of high-redshift dusty galaxies revealed by broadband spectral line surveys

Abstract

Understanding the nature of high-$z$ dusty galaxies requires a comprehensive view of their ISM and molecular complexity. However, the molecular ISM at high-$z$ is commonly studied using only a few species beyond CO, limiting our understanding. In this paper, we present the results of deep 3 mm spectral line surveys using the NOEMA targeting two lensed dusty galaxies: APM 08279+5255 (APM), a quasar at redshift $z=3.911$, and NCv1.143 (NC), a $z=3.565$ starburst galaxy. The spectral line surveys cover rest-frame frequencies from about 330-550 GHz. We report the detection of 38 and 25 emission lines in APM and NC, respectively. The spectra reveal the chemical richness and the complexity of the physical properties of the ISM. By comparing the spectra of the two sources and combining the gas excitation analysis, we find that the physical properties and the chemical imprints of the ISM are different between them: the molecular gas is more excited in APM, exhibiting higher molecular-gas temperatures and densities compared to NC; the chemical abundances in APM are akin to the values of local AGN, showing boosted relative abundances of the dense gas tracers that might be related to high-temperature chemistry and/or XDRs, while NC more closely resembles local starburst galaxies. The most significant differences are found in H2O, where the 448GHz H2O line is significantly brighter in APM, likely linked to the intense far-infrared radiation from the dust powered by AGN. Our astrochemical model suggests that at such high column densities, FUV radiation is less important in regulating the ISM, while CRs (X-rays/shocks) are the key players in shaping the abundance of the molecules and the initial conditions of star formation. Such deep spectral line surveys open a new window to study the physical and chemical properties of the ISM and the radiation field of galaxies in the early Universe. (abridged)

Accepted for publication in A&A. 39 pages (including 9 pages of Appendix). Updated after language editing

References in corpus (95)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• Molecular line emission in NGC1068 imaged with ALMA. I An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas
• The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly-Lensed Galaxies
• Diagnostics of irradiated dense gas in galaxy nuclei. II. A grid of XDR and PDR models
• The Megamaser Cosmology Project. XIII. Combined Hubble constant constraints
• Ultraviolet Survey of CO and H_2 in Diffuse Molecular Clouds: The Reflection of Two Photochemistry Regimes in Abundance Relationships
• A multi-transition HCN and HCO+ study of 12 nearby active galaxies: AGN versus SB environments
• Highly-excited CO emission in APM08279+5255 at z=3.9
• On the origin of radio emission in radio quiet quasars
• The Herschel Comprehensive (U)LIRG Emission Survey (HerCULES): CO Ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling
• Water in star-forming regions (WISH): Physics and chemistry from clouds to disks as probed by Herschel spectroscopy
• The evolution of CNO isotopes: a new window on cosmic star-formation history and the stellar IMF in the age of ALMA
• Molecular line emission in NGC1068 imaged with ALMA: II. The chemistry of the dense molecular gas
• Effective destruction of CO by cosmic rays: implications for tracing H${}_2$ gas in the Universe
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High-Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies
• Vibrationally Excited HCN in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4418
• Molecular gas in the Herschel-selected strongly lensed submillimeter galaxies at z~2-4 as probed by multi-J CO lines
• HCN Observations of Dense Star-Forming Gas in High Redshift Galaxies
• Dense Molecular Gas Tracers in the Outflow of the Starburst Galaxy NGC 253
• An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: High-resolution dust continuum morphologies and the link between sub-millimetre galaxies and spheroid formation
• The optimally-sampled galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function - Observational tests and the publicly available GalIMF code
• Lambda = 3 mm line survey of nearby active galaxies
• Imaging the Molecular Gas in a z=3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0.3" Resolution: A Central, Sub-Kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in APM 08279+5255
• Size bias and differential lensing of strongly lensed, dusty galaxies identified in wide-field surveys
• Molecules in galaxies
• The properties of the interstellar medium of galaxies across time as traced by the neutral atomic carbon [CI]
• Multi-molecule ALMA observations towards the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 1097
• Dust, CO and [CI]: Cross-calibration of molecular gas mass tracers in metal-rich galaxies across cosmic time
• ALCHEMI: an ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory. Survey presentation and first results from the ACA array
• First CO(17-16) emission line detected in a z > 6 quasar
• Strong FUV fields drive the [CII]/FIR deficit in z~3 dusty, star-forming galaxies
• A Hard X-ray Test of HCN Enhancements as a Tracer of Embedded Black Hole Growth
• Submillimeter H2O and H2O+ emission in lensed ultra- and hyper-luminous infrared galaxies at z ~ 2-4
• The Stellar Mass Spectrum in Warm and Dusty Gas: Deviations from Salpeter in the Galactic Centre and in Circum-Nuclear Starburst Regions
• CON-quest: Searching for the most obscured galaxy nuclei
• A gravitationally lensed water maser in the early Universe
• A New Probe of Dense Gas at High Redshift: Detection of HCO+(5-4) Line Emission in APM 08279+5255
• On the discovery of fast molecular gas in the UFO/BAL quasar APM 08279+5255 at z=3.912
• The Megamaser Cosmology Project.IX. Black hole masses for three maser galaxies
• Modeling the H2O submillimeter emission in extragalactic sources
• An ALMA Early Science survey of molecular absorption lines toward PKS1830-211 -- Analysis of the absorption profiles
• The Herschel Bright Sources (HerBS): Sample definition and SCUBA-2 observations
• Observations of Dense Molecular Gas in a Quasar Host Galaxy at z=6.42: Further Evidence for a Non-Linear Dense Gas - Star Formation Relation at Early Cosmic Times
• BASS XXXII: Studying the Nuclear Mm-wave Continuum Emission of AGNs with ALMA at Scales $\lesssim$ 100-200 pc
• The hidden heart of the luminous infrared galaxy IC 860 I. A molecular inflow feeding opaque, extreme nuclear activity
• Detection of HNC and tentative detection of CN at z=3.9
• Infrared H3+ and CO Studies of the Galactic Core: GCIRS 3 and GCIRS 1W
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VII. Atomic carbon and molecular gas in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2 to 4
• Detection of extragalactic H3O+
• HIFI Spectroscopy of ${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$ submm Lines in Nuclei of Actively Star Forming Galaxies
• CO, H2O, H2O+ line and dust emission in a z = 3.63 strongly lensed starburst merger at sub-kiloparsec scales
• OH+ and H2O+ absorption toward PKS1830-211
• Unveiling the Nature of Coronae in Active Galactic Nuclei through Sub-mm Observations
• A multi-transition submillimeter water maser study of evolved stars - detection of a new line near 475 GHz
• The Distribution and Origin of C${}_2$H in NGC 253 from ALCHEMI
• Hidden or missing outflows in highly obscured galaxy nuclei?
• Spatially resolved dust properties and quasar-galaxy decomposition of a HyLIRG at z = 4.4
• Starburst Energy Feedback Seen Through HCO${}^{+}$/HOC${}^{+}$ Emission in NGC 253 from ALCHEMI
• A High-Resolution Investigation of the Multi-Phase ISM in a Galaxy during the First Two Billion Years
• Spatially resolved carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in NGC 253 using optically thin tracers
• Energizing Star Formation: The Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate in NGC 253 Derived From ALCHEMI Measurements of H${}_3$O${}^{+}$ and SO
• The subthermal excitation of the C{\sc i} lines in the molecular gas reservoirs of galaxies: its significance and potential utility
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• A comprehensive view of the interstellar medium in a quasar host galaxy at z~6.4
• Bright Extragalactic ALMA Redshift Survey (BEARS) III: Detailed study of emission lines from 71 Herschel targets
• New molecular species at redshift z=0.89
• A NOEMA molecular line scan of the Hubble Deep Field North: Improved constraints on the CO luminosity functions and cosmic density of molecular gas
• First detection of the 448 GHz ortho-H2O line at high redshift: probing the structure of a starburst nucleus at z = 3.63
• A proto-pseudobulge in ESO 320-G030 fed by a massive molecular inflow driven by a nuclear bar
• First Extragalactic Detection of Far-Infrared CH Rotational Lines from the Herschel Space Observatory
• The cosmic ray ionisation and $\gamma$-ray budgets of star-forming galaxies
• PRUSSIC I - a JVLA survey of HCN/HCO+/HNC (1-0) emission in z$\sim$3 dusty galaxies: Low dense-gas fractions in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• The chemical footprint of AGN feedback in the outflowing circumnuclear disk of NGC 1068
• Planck's Dusty GEMS. VIII. Dense-gas reservoirs in the most active dusty starbursts at z~3
• Understanding if molecular ratios can be used as diagnostics of AGN and starburst activity: The case of NGC 1068
• The Rest-Frame Submillimeter Spectrum of High Redshift, Dusty, Star-Forming Galaxies from the SPT-SZ Survey
• Smoke on the water: CO and H2O in a circumnuclear disc around a quasar at redshift 2.64
• The CH radical at radio wavelengths: Revisiting emission in the 3.3GHz ground state lines
• Searching for a gigamaser in APM08279+5255, and other short stories
• Unveiling the warm dense ISM in $z>6$ quasar host galaxies via water vapor emission
• Dense Molecular Gas Properties of the Central Kpc of Nearby Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Constrained by ALMA Three Transition-line Observations
• The properties of the X-ray corona in the distant ($z=3.91$) quasar APM 08279+5255
• COLDz: Probing Cosmic Star Formation With Radio Free-free Emission
• The importance of radiative pumping on the emission of the H_2O submillimeter lines in galaxies
• Detection of H2O and OH+ in z>3 Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• Chemistry in isolation: High CCH/HCO+ line ratio in the AMIGA galaxy CIG 638
• 183 GHz water megamasers in active galactic nuclei: a new accretion disk tracer
• High-z dusty star-forming galaxies: a top-heavy initial mass function?
• Cosmo-tomography toward PKS1830-211: Variability of the quasar and of its foreground molecular absorption monitored with ALMA
• Dense Gas and Star Formation in Nearby Infrared Bright Galaxies: APEX survey of HCN and HCO+ J=2-1
• PRUSSIC II -- ALMA imaging of dense-gas tracers in SDP.81: Evidence for low mechanical heating and a sub-solar metallicity in a z=3.04 dusty galaxy
• Searching For the 380 GHz H2O emission from the High-z lensed QSO MG J0414+0534
• Constraining the Active Galactic Nucleus and Starburst Properties of the IR-luminous Quasar Host Galaxy APM 08279+5255 at Redshift 4 with SOFIA
• Star-formation-rate estimates from water emission

Cited by in corpus (4)

• Millimeter emission from supermassive black hole coronae
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• The [NII] 205 $\mu$m line emission from high-z SMGs and QSOs
• PRUSSIC III -- ALMA and NOEMA survey of dense gas in high-redshift star-forming galaxies