BASS XXXII: Studying the Nuclear Mm-wave Continuum Emission of AGNs with ALMA at Scales $\lesssim$ 100-200 pc

Abstract

To understand the origin of nuclear ($\lesssim$ 100 pc) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) continuum emission in active galactic nuclei (AGNs), we systematically analyzed sub-arcsec resolution Band-6 (211-275 GHz) ALMA data of 98 nearby AGNs ($z<$ 0.05) from the 70-month Swift/BAT catalog. The sample, almost unbiased for obscured systems, provides the largest number of AGNs to date with high mm-wave spatial resolution sampling ($\sim$ 1-200 pc), and spans broad ranges of 14-150 keV luminosity {$40<\log [L_{14-150}/(\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1})]<45$}, black hole mass [$5<\log (M_{\mathrm{BH}}/M_{\odot })<10$], and Eddington ratio ($-4<\log {\lambda }_{\mathrm{Edd}}<2$). We find a significant correlation between 1.3 mm (230 GHz) and 14-150 keV luminosities. Its scatter is $\approx$ 0.36 dex, and the mm-wave emission may serve as a good proxy of the AGN luminosity, free of dust extinction up to $N_{\mathrm{H}}\sim 10^{26}$ cm${}^{-2}$. While the mm-wave emission could be self-absorbed synchrotron radiation around the X-ray corona according to past works, we also discuss different possible origins of the mm-wave emission; AGN-related dust emission, outflow-driven shocks, and a small-scale ($<$ 200 pc) jet. The dust emission is unlikely to be dominant, as the mm-wave slope is generally flatter than expected. Also, due to no increase in the mm-wave luminosity with the Eddington ratio, a radiation-driven outflow model is possibly not the common mechanism. Furthermore, we find independence of the mm-wave luminosity on indicators of the inclination angle from the polar axis of the nuclear structure, which is inconsistent with a jet model whose luminosity depends only on the angle.

44 pages, 35 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ; modified format, added supplementary figure (Fig. 32)

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