Hard X-ray Luminosity Function of Tidal Disruption Events: First Results from MAXI Extragalactic Survey

Abstract

We derive the first hard X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of stellar tidal disruption events (TDEs) by supermassive black holes (SMBHs), which gives an occurrence rate of TDEs per unit volume as a function of peak luminosity and redshift, utilizing an unbiased sample observed by the Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI). On the basis of the light curves characterized by a power-law decay with an index of $-5/3$, a systematic search using the MAXI data in the first 37 months detected four TDEs, all of which have been found in the literature. To formulate the TDE XLF, we consider the mass function of SMBHs, that of disrupted stars, the specific TDE rate as a function of SMBH mass, and the fraction of TDEs with relativistic jets. We perform an unbinned maximum likelihood fit to the MAXI TDE list and check the consistency with the observed TDE rate in the ROSAT all sky survey. The results suggest that the intrinsic fraction of the jet-accompanying events is $0.0007$--$34\%$. We confirm that at $z\lesssim 1.5$ the contamination by TDEs to the hard X-ray luminosity functions of active galactic nuclei is not significant and hence that their contribution to the growth of SMBHs is negligible at the redshifts.

arXiv comment17 pages, 25 figures, accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan (PASJ)

References in corpus (56)

• Galactic Stellar and Substellar Initial Mass Function
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• HEALPix -- a Framework for High Resolution Discretization, and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere
• The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog
• The MAXI Mission on the ISS: Science and Instruments for Monitoring All Sky X-Ray Images
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• The Luminosity Function of Galaxies in SDSS Commissioning Data
• The 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• Discovery of the Onset of Rapid Accretion by a Dormant Massive Black Hole
• The Swift/BAT Hard X-ray Transient Monitor
• Hydrodynamical Simulations to Determine the Feeding Rate of Black Holes by the Tidal Disruption of Stars: The Importance of the Impact Parameter and Stellar Structure
• Spitzer view on the evolution of star-forming galaxies from z=0 to z~3
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• An ultraviolet-optical flare from the tidal disruption of a helium-rich stellar core
• A Continuum of H- to He-Rich Tidal Disruption Candidates With a Preference for E+A Galaxies
• The Birth of a Relativistic Outflow in the Unusual γ-ray Transient Swift J164449.3+573451
• Rates of tidal disruption of stars by massive central black holes
• Swift J2058.4+0516: Discovery of a Possible Second Relativistic Tidal Disruption Flare?
• Rates of Stellar Tidal Disruption as Probes of the Supermassive Black Hole Mass Function
• Revised Rates of Stellar Disruption in Galactic Nuclei
• Optical discovery of probable stellar tidal disruption flares
• Super-massive Black Hole Demography: the Match between the Local and Accreted Mass Functions
• The first XMM-Newton slew survey catalogue: XMMSL1
• ASASSN-14ae: A Tidal Disruption Event at 200 Mpc
• UV/Optical Detections of Candidate Tidal Disruption Events by GALEX and CFHTLS
• Large-Amplitude X-ray Outbursts from Galactic Nuclei: A Systematic Survey Using ROSAT Archival Data
• Ultraviolet Detection of the Tidal Disruption of a Star by a Supermassive Black Hole
• Gas Slit Camera (GSC) onboard MAXI on ISS
• The Palermo Swift-BAT hard X-ray catalogue III. Results after 54 months of sky survey
• Evolution of tidal disruption candidates discovered by XMM-Newton
• Radio transients from stellar tidal disruption by massive black holes
• Swift J1112.2-8238: A Candidate Relativistic Tidal Disruption Flare
• Radio Monitoring of the Tidal Disruption Event Swift J164449.3+573451. II. The Relativistic Jet Shuts Off and a Transition to Forward Shock X-ray/Radio Emission
• A tidal disruption-like X-ray flare from the quiescent galaxy SDSS J120136.02+300305.5
• Measurement of the rate of stellar tidal disruption flares
• Candidate tidal disruption events from the XMM-Newton Slew Survey
• In-Orbit Performance of MAXI Gas Slit Camera (GSC) on ISS
• Observing Lense-Thirring Precession in Tidal Disruption Flares
• Soft X-ray AGN Luminosity Function from ROSAT Surveys II. Table of the binned Soft X-ray Luminosity Function
• A Tidal Disruption Flare in Abell 1689 from an Archival X-ray Survey of Galaxy Clusters
• A Multiwavelength Study of the Relativistic Tidal Disruption Candidate Sw J2058+05 at Late Times
• The Giant X-Ray Flare of NGC 5905: Tidal Disruption of a Star, a Brown Dwarf, or a Planet?
• Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC) on Board MAXI
• IC 3599 did it again: A second outburst of the X-ray transient Seyfert 1.9 Galaxy
• Contribution of Stellar Tidal Disruptions to the X-Ray Luminosity Function of Active Galaxies
• CHANG-ES V: Nuclear Radio Outflow in a Virgo Cluster Spiral after a Tidal Disruption Event
• Tidal disruption of a super-Jupiter by a massive black hole
• MAXI investigation into the longterm X-ray variability from the very-high-energy gamma-ray blazar Mrk 421
• Black Hole Demographics
• The 37-month MAXI/GSC source catalog in the high Galactic-latitude sky
• The First MAXI/GSC Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky
• MAXI observations of GRBs
• Unbeamed tidal disruption events at hard X-rays
• The History of Tidal Disruption Events in Galactic Nuclei

Cited by in corpus (16)

• New physical insights about Tidal Disruption Events from a comprehensive observational inventory at X-ray wavelengths
• The destruction and recreation of the X-ray corona in a changing-look Active Galactic Nucleus
• Multi-Epoch Modeling of TXS 0506+056 and Implications for Long-Term High-Energy Neutrino Emission
• Comparison of the X-ray emission from Tidal Disruption Events with those of Active Galactic Nuclei
• BASS XXXII: Studying the Nuclear Mm-wave Continuum Emission of AGNs with ALMA at Scales $\lesssim$ 100-200 pc
• Jets from Tidal Disruption Events
• A magnetic accretion disk-outflow model for changing look active galactic nuclei
• The effects of large-scale magnetic fields on the model for repeating changing-look AGNs
• The 7-year MAXI/GSC X-ray Source Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky (3MAXI)
• Discovery of the new X-ray transient MAXI J1807+132: a Candidate of a Neutron Star Low-mass X-ray binary
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Jetted Tidal Disruptions of Stars as a Flag of Intermediate Mass Black Holes at High Redshifts
• AstroSat view of spectral transition in the changing-look active galaxy NGC1566 during the declining phase of the 2018 outburst
• Evidence for a TDE origin of the radio transient Cygnus A-2
• Quantum Machine Learning for Identifying Transient Events in X-ray Light Curves
• IGR J12580+0134: The Nearest Tidal Disruption Event and its Faint Resurrection