Hard X-ray Irradiation Potentially Drives Negative AGN Feedback by Altering Molecular Gas Properties

Abstract

To investigate the role of active galactic nucleus (AGN) X-ray irradiation on the interstellar medium (ISM), we systematically analyzed Chandra and ALMA CO($J$=2-1) data for 26 ultra-hard X-ray ($>$ 10 keV) selected AGNs at redshifts below 0.05. While Chandra unveils the distribution of X-ray-irradiated gas via Fe-K$\alpha$ emission, the CO($J$=2-1) observations reveal that of cold molecular gas. At high resolutions $\lesssim$ 1 arcsec, we derive Fe-K$\alpha$ and CO($J$=2-1) maps for the nuclear 2 arcsec region, and for the external annular region of 2 arcsec-4 arcsec, where 2 arcsec is $\sim$ 100-600 pc for most of our AGNs. First, focusing on the external regions, we find the Fe-K$\alpha$ emission for six AGNs above 2$\sigma$. Their large equivalent widths ($\gtrsim$ 1 keV) suggest a fluorescent process as their origin. Moreover, by comparing 6-7 keV/3-6 keV ratio, as a proxy of Fe-K$\alpha$, and CO($J$=2-1) images for three AGNs with the highest significant Fe-K$\alpha$ detections, we find a possible spatial separation. These suggest the presence of X-ray-irradiated ISM and the change in the ISM properties. Next, examining the nuclear regions, we find that (1) The 20-50 keV luminosity increases with the CO($J$=2-1) luminosity. (2) The ratio of CO($J$=2-1)-to-HCN($J$=1-0) luminosities increases with 20-50 keV luminosity, suggesting a decrease in the dense gas fraction with X-ray luminosity. (3) The Fe-K$\alpha$-to-X-ray continuum luminosity ratio decreases with the molecular gas mass. This may be explained by a negative AGN feedback scenario: the mass accretion rate increases with gas mass, and simultaneously, the AGN evaporates a portion of the gas, which possibly affects star formation.

arXiv comment50 pages (27 pages for the main body), 26 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS

References in corpus (117)

• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centres
• On the Absorption of X-rays in the Interstellar Medium
• The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI: Final data release of the combined LDS and IAR surveys with improved stray-radiation corrections
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies
• A Relationship Between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion
• Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
• The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• The M-sigma and M-L Relations in Galactic Bulges and Determinations of their Intrinsic Scatter
• The Star Formation Rate and Dense Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• Molecular Gas at High Redshift
• Toward the Standard Population Synthesis Model of the X-Ray Background: Evolution of X-Ray Luminosity and Absorption Functions of Active Galactic Nuclei Including Compton-Thick Populations
• Discovery of a binary AGN in the ultraluminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240 using Chandra
• Slow Star Formation in Dense Gas: Evidence and Implications
• The 70 Month Swift-BAT All-Sky Hard X-Ray Survey
• The CO-to-H2 Conversion Factor and Dust-to-Gas Ratio on Kiloparsec Scales in Nearby Galaxies
• X-ray emission from star-forming galaxies - I. High-mass X-ray binaries
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - V. X-ray properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN catalog
• An X-ray Spectral Model for Compton-Thick Toroidal Reprocessors
• Molecular line emission in NGC1068 imaged with ALMA. I An AGN-driven outflow in the dense molecular gas
• Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Diagnostics of irradiated gas in galaxy nuclei. I: A Far-ultraviolet and X-ray dominated region code
• Diagnostics of irradiated dense gas in galaxy nuclei. II. A grid of XDR and PDR models
• The close environments of accreting massive black holes are shaped by radiative feedback
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey I: Spectral Measurements, Derived Quantities, and AGN Demographics
• A multi-transition HCN and HCO+ study of 12 nearby active galaxies: AGN versus SB environments
• ALMA observations of molecular tori around massive black holes
• Discovery of a superluminal Fe K echo at the Galactic Center: The glorious past of Sgr A* preserved by molecular clouds
• Chandra unveils a binary Active Galactic Nucleus in Mrk463
• Molecular line emission in NGC1068 imaged with ALMA: II. The chemistry of the dense molecular gas
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) I. ALMA images of dusty molecular tori in Seyfert galaxies
• A Chandra X-ray Study of NGC 1068 - I. Observations of Extended Emission
• The Origin of Diffuse X-ray and $\gamma$-ray Emission from the Galactic Center Region: Cosmic Ray Particles
• A Chandra survey of fluorescence Fe lines in X-ray Binaries at high resolution
• Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flow in the Nucleus of NGC 1097
• Detection of X-ray Emission from the Arches Cluster Near the Galactic Center
• Circumnuclear Multi-phase Gas in the Circinus Galaxy II: The Molecular and Atomic Obscuring Structures Revealed with ALMA
• The iron K line complex in NGC1068: implications for X-ray reflection in the nucleus
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - XI. The Covering Factor of Dust and Gas in Swift/BAT Active Galactic Nuclei
• Testing the Seyfert Unification Theory: Chandra HETGS Observations of NGC 1068
• ASCA Observations of the Sgr B2 Cloud: An X-Ray Reflection Nebula
• Radiation pressure and absorption in AGN: results from a complete unbiased sample from Swift
• Molecular gas chemistry in AGN. II. High-resolution imaging of SiO emission in NGC1068: shocks or XDR?
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - IV: Near-Infrared Coronal Lines, Hidden Broad Lines, and Correlation with Hard X-ray Emission
• Iron K$\alpha$ emission in type-I and type-II Active Galactic Nuclei
• On the Origin of the Iron K Line in the Spectrum of the Galactic X-ray Background
• AGN Feedback and Star Formation of Quasar Host Galaxies: Insights from the Molecular Gas
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey-XX: Molecular Gas in Nearby Hard X-ray Selected AGN Galaxies
• Herschel far-infrared photometry of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope active galactic nuclei sample of the local universe - III. Global star-forming properties and the lack of a connection to nuclear activity
• Nonthermal X-rays from low-energy cosmic rays: Application to the 6.4 keV line emission from the Arches cluster region
• The high energy emission line spectrum of NGC 1068
• Discovery of Kiloparsec Extended Hard X-ray Continuum and Fe K alpha from the Compton Thick AGN ESO428-G014
• Submillimeter-HCN Diagram for an Energy Diagnostics in the Centers of Galaxies
• NuSTAR observations of water megamaser AGN
• Nobeyama Millimeter Interferometric HCN(1-0) and HCO+(1-0) Observations of Further Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Do Circumnuclear Dense Gas Disks Drive Mass Accretion onto Supermassive Black Holes?
• The X-ray reflector in NGC 4945: a time and space resolved portrait
• The EDGE-CALIFA Survey: Central molecular gas depletion in AGN host galaxies -- a smoking gun for quenching?
• Detection of Coronal Magnetic Activity in Nearby Active Supermassive Black Holes
• Imaging the Circumnuclear Region of NGC 1365 with Chandra
• Deep Chandra Observations of ESO 428-G014: III. High Resolution Spectral Imaging of the Ionization Cone and Radio Jet Region
• Discovery of Millimeter-Wave Excess Emission in Radio-Quiet Active Galactic Nuclei
• Multiphase gas flows in the nearby Seyfert galaxy ESO428-G14
• The mm-wave compact component of AGN
• Suzaku Observations of Moderately Obscured (Compton-thin) Active Galactic Nuclei Selected by Swift/BAT Hard X-ray Survey
• Discoveries of Diffuse Iron Line Sources from the Sgr B Region
• The Lynx Mission Concept Study Interim Report
• An accreting supermassive black hole irradiating molecular gas in NGC 2110
• Prevalence of compact nuclear starbursts in nearby Seyfert galaxies
• The hard X-ray emission of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240 as observed by NuSTAR
• Systematic Study of AGN Clumpy Tori with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy: Updated Unified Picture of AGN Structure
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XV: The High Frequency Radio Cores of Ultra-hard X-ray Selected AGN
• Spatially resolved Fe K spectroscopy of NGC 4945
• ALMA Observations of Multiple-CO and C Lines Toward the Active Galactic Nucleus of NGC 7469: X-Ray-dominated Region Caught in the Act
• Discovery of K-Shell Emission Lines of Neutral Atoms in the Galactic Center Region
• Deep and narrow CO absorption revealing molecular clouds in the Hydra-A brightest cluster galaxy
• A Chandra view of the clumpy reflector at the heart of the Circinus galaxy
• Scattered X-rays in Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei and their Implications for Geometrical Structure and Evolution
• Deep Chandra Observations of ESO 428-G014: II. Spectral Properties and Morphology of the Large-Scale Extended X-ray Emission
• The Molecular Gas in the NGC 6240 Merging Galaxy System at the Highest Spatial Resolution
• Study of Swift/BAT Selected Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Observed with Suzaku
• Dense Gas Fraction and Star Formation Efficiency Variations in the Antennae Galaxies
• Molecular line emission in NGC 4945, imaged with ALMA
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey XXVII: Scattered X-Ray Radiation in Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei
• Ionized Gas Outflows from the MAGNUM Survey: NGC 1365 and NGC 4945
• Broad Band X-Ray Spectra of Two Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei NGC 1566 and NGC 4941
• Do Most Active Galactic Nuclei Live in High Star Formation Nuclear Cusps?
• XMM-Newton observation of the ULIRG NGC 6240: The physical nature of the complex Fe K line emission
• Suzaku Observations of Heavily Obscured (Compton-thick) Active Galactic Nuclei selected by Swift/BAT Hard X-ray Survey
• NuSTAR Hard X-ray View of Low-luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei: High-energy Cutoff and Truncated Thin Disk
• The impact of X-rays on molecular cloud fragmentation and the IMF
• Star formation near an obscured AGN: Variations in the initial mass function
• Nuclear kinematics in nearby AGN. I. An ALMA perspective on the Morphology and Kinematics of the molecular CO(2-1) emission
• A Chandra and ALMA Study of X-ray-irradiated Gas in the Central ~100 pc of the Circinus Galaxy
• The circumnuclear X-ray reflectors in NGC 1068 and the Circinus Galaxy
• A Massive Molecular Torus inside a Gas-Poor Cirnumnuclear Disk in the Radio Galaxy NGC 1052 Discovered with ALMA
• Disentangling AGN and Star Formation in Soft X-rays
• BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey -- XVII: The Parsec-scale Jet Properties of the Ultra Hard X-ray Selected Local AGN
• The 7-year MAXI/GSC X-ray Source Catalog in the High Galactic-Latitude Sky (3MAXI)
• A comparison between the soft X-ray and [O III] morphologies of active galactic nuclei
• Where are Compton-thick radio galaxies? A hard X-ray view of three candidates
• Optical, near-IR and sub-mm IFU Observations of the nearby dual AGN Mrk 463
• A study of X-ray emission of galaxies hosting molecular outflows (MOX sample)
• Nature of Compton-thick Active Galactic Nuclei in "Non-merging'' Luminous Infrared Galaxies UGC 2608 and NGC 5135 Revealed with Broadband X-ray Spectroscopy
• Revisiting the complex nuclear region of NGC 6240 with Chandra
• ALMA [CI] observations toward the central region of a Seyfert galaxy NGC 613
• AGN X-ray irradiation of CO gas in NGC 2110 revealed by $Chandra$ and ALMA
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Analysis of the Double-Nucleus Luminous Infrared Galaxy Mrk 463
• Chandra Reveals Heavy Obscuration and Circumnuclear Star Formation in Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4968
• X-ray fluorescent lines from the Compton-thick AGN in M51
• Comparison of Millimeter-wave and X-Ray Emission in Seyfert Galaxies
• X-ray Photons in the CO 2-1 'Lacuna' of NGC 2110
• Suzaku Follow-up of Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Swift/BAT Survey: NGC 1106, UGC 03752, and NGC 2788A
• The nature of the soft X-ray emission in obscured AGN
• Chandra Observations of Excess Fe K$\alpha$ Line Emission in Galaxies with High Star Formation Rates: X-ray Reflection on Galaxy Scales?
• A NuSTAR and XMM-Newton Study of the Two Most Actively Star-forming Green Pea Galaxies (SDSS J0749+3337 and SDSS J0822+2241)

Cited by in corpus (4)

• BASS XXXII: Studying the Nuclear Mm-wave Continuum Emission of AGNs with ALMA at Scales $\lesssim$ 100-200 pc
• Hard X-Ray to Radio Multiwavelength SED Analysis of Local U/LIRGs in GOALS Sample with Self-consistent AGN Model Including Polar-dust Component
• Oxygen abundances in the narrow line regions of Seyfert galaxies and the metallicity-luminosity relation
• Narrow Fe-K$\alpha$ Reverberation Mapping Unveils the Deactivated Broad-Line Region in a Changing-Look Active Galactic Nucleus