A chemical model for the atmosphere of hot Jupiters

Abstract

Our purpose is to release a chemical network, and the associated rate coefficients, developed for the temperature and pressure range relevant to hot Jupiters atmospheres. Using this network, we study the vertical atmospheric composition of the two hot Jupiters (HD209458b, HD189733b) with a model that includes photolyses and vertical mixing and we produce synthetic spectra. The chemical scheme is derived from applied combustion models that have been methodically validated over a range of temperatures and pressures typical of the atmospheric layers influencing the observations of hot Jupiters. We compare the predictions obtained from this scheme with equilibrium calculations, with different schemes available in the literature that contain N-bearing species and with previously published photochemical models. Compared to other chemical schemes that were not subjected to the same systematic validation, we find significant differences whenever non-equilibrium processes take place. The deviations from the equilibrium, and thus the sensitivity to the network, are more important for HD189733b, as we assume a cooler atmosphere than for HD209458b. We found that the abundances of NH3 and HCN can vary by two orders of magnitude depending on the network, demonstrating the importance of comprehensive experimental validation. A spectral feature of NH3 at 10.5$\mu$m is sensitive to these abundance variations and thus to the chemical scheme. Due to the influence of the kinetics, we recommend the use of a validated scheme to model the chemistry of exoplanet atmospheres. Our network is robust for temperatures within 300-2500K and pressures from 10mbar up to a few hundreds of bars, for species made of C,H,O,N. It is validated for species up to 2 carbon atoms and for the main nitrogen species.

20 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (17)

• The James Webb Space Telescope
• The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters
• Homogeneous studies of transiting extrasolar planets. I. Light curve analyses
• Atomic and Molecular Opacities for Brown Dwarf and Giant Planet Atmospheres
• Atmospheric Sulfur Photochemistry on Hot Jupiters
• The Broadband Infrared Emission Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 189733b
• Strong Water Absorption in the Dayside Emission Spectrum of the Planet HD 189733b
• Theoretical Spectra and Light Curves of Close-in Extrasolar Giant Planets and Comparison with Data
• Theoretical Spectral Models of the Planet HD 209458b with a Thermal Inversion and Water Emission Bands
• Multi-Wavelength Constraints on the Day-Night Circulation Patterns of HD 189733b
• Synthetic Spectra and Colors of Young Giant Planet Atmospheres: Effects of Initial Conditions and Atmospheric Metallicity
• Dynamics and Disequilibrium Carbon Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres, With Application to HD 209458b
• A Spectrum of an Extrasolar Planet
• The Very Low Albedo of an Extrasolar Planet: MOST Spacebased Photometry of HD 209458
• HST/STIS Optical Transit Transmission Spectra of the hot-Jupiter HD209458b
• The mid-infrared spectrum of the transiting exoplanet HD 209458b
• Modeling of autoignition and NO sensitization for the oxidation of IC engine surrogate fuels

Cited by in corpus (119)

• A new set of atmosphere and evolution models for cool T-Y brown dwarfs and giant exoplanets
• Fingering convection and cloudless models for cool brown dwarf atmospheres
• Photochemically-produced SO${}_2$ in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• VULCAN: an Open-Source, Validated Chemical Kinetics Python Code for Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• HAT-P-26b: A Neptune-Mass Exoplanet with a Well Constrained Heavy Element Abundance
• The Effects of Consistent Chemical Kinetics Calculations on the Pressure-Temperature Profiles and Emission Spectra of Hot Jupiters
• Pseudo 2D chemical model of hot Jupiter atmospheres: application to HD 209458b and HD 189733b
• A Comparative Study of Atmospheric Chemistry with VULCAN
• XUV-driven mass loss from extrasolar giant planets orbiting active stars
• GENESIS: New Self-Consistent Models of Exoplanetary Spectra
• Beyond Equilibrium Temperature: How the Atmosphere/Interior Connection Affects the Onset of Methane, Ammonia, and Clouds in Warm Transiting Giant Planets
• Exploring Biases of Atmospheric Retrievals in Simulated JWST Transmission Spectra of Hot Jupiters
• Theoretical transmission spectra of exoplanet atmospheres with hydrocarbon haze: Effect of creation, growth, and settling of haze particles. I. Model description and first results
• FastChem 2: An improved computer program to determine the gas-phase chemical equilibrium composition for arbitrary element distributions
• PLATON II: New Capabilities And A Comprehensive Retrieval on HD 189733b Transit and Eclipse Data
• Atmospheric Regimes and Trends on Exoplanets and Brown Dwarfs
• The ARCiS framework for Exoplanet Atmospheres: Modelling Philosophy and Retrieval
• A warm Neptune's methane reveals core mass and vigorous atmospheric mixing
• New chemical scheme for studying carbon-rich exoplanet atmospheres
• Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs
• Toward the analysis of JWST exoplanet spectra: Identifying troublesome model parameters
• A comparison of exoplanet spectroscopic retrieval tools
• Deep Atmosphere Composition, Structure, Origin, and Exploration, with Particular Focus on Critical in situ Science at the Icy Giants
• Molecular Cross Sections for High Resolution Spectroscopy of Super Earths, Warm Neptunes and Hot Jupiters
• Influence of Stellar Flares on the Chemical Composition of Exoplanets and Spectra
• Sparkling nights and very hot days on WASP-18b: the formation of clouds and the emergence of an ionosphere
• How to identify exoplanet surfaces using atmospheric trace species in hydrogen-dominated atmospheres
• Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy of HAT-P-18b with NIRISS: Disentangling Planetary and Stellar Features in the Era of JWST
• Scientific rationale of Saturn's in situ exploration
• On the Composition of Young, Directly Imaged Giant Planets
• A new chemical scheme for giant planet thermochemistry. Update of the methanol chemistry and new reduced chemical scheme
• Thermochemistry and vertical mixing in the tropospheres of Uranus and Neptune: How convection inhibition can affect the derivation of deep oxygen abundances
• Observability of signatures of transport-induced chemistry in clear atmospheres of hot gas giant exoplanets
• Awesome SOSS: Atmospheric Characterisation of WASP-96 b using the JWST Early Release Observations
• Grid of Pseudo-2D Chemistry Models for Tidally-Locked Exoplanets. I. The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Mixing
• Cloudless atmospheres for young low-gravity substellar objects
• The Metal-Rich Atmosphere of the Neptune HAT-P-26b
• Time evolution of snow regions and planet traps in an evolving protoplanetary disk
• High-temperature measurements of VUV-absorption cross sections of CO2 and their application to exoplanets
• A comparison of chemical models of exoplanet atmospheres enabled by TauREx 3.1
• Signatures of Nitrogen Chemistry in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres
• VUV-absorption cross section of carbon dioxide from 150 to 800 K and applications to warm exoplanetary atmospheres
• On Atmospheric Retrievals of Exoplanets with Inhomogeneous Terminators
• Photochemistry in hot H2-dominated exoplanet atmospheres
• Sulfur Chemistry in the Atmospheres of Warm and Hot Jupiters
• Chemical variation with altitude and longitude on exo-Neptunes: Predictions for Ariel phase-curve observations
• Implementation of disequilibrium chemistry to spectral retrieval code ARCiS and application to sixteen exoplanet transmission spectra: Indication of disequilibrium chemistry for HD 209458b and WASP-39b
• The composition of hot Jupiter atmospheres assembled within chemically evolved protoplanetary discs
• Atmospheric chemistry on Uranus and Neptune
• New Insights on Jupiter's Deep Water Abundance from Disequilibrium Species
• Alfnoor: A Retrieval Simulation of the Ariel Target List
• A reduced chemical scheme for modelling warm to hot hydrogen-dominated atmospheres
• Grid of pseudo-2D chemistry models for tidally locked exoplanets -- II. The role of photochemistry
• X-SHYNE: X-shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs. I. A medium-resolution 0.65-2.5$\mu \mathrm{m}$ one-shot spectrum of VHS\,1256-1257 b
• Effects of UV stellar spectral uncertainty on the chemistry of terrestrial atmospheres
• A chemical kinetics code for modelling exoplanetary atmospheres
• MOVES IV. Modelling the influence of stellar XUV-flux, cosmic rays, and stellar energetic particles on the atmospheric composition of the hot Jupiter HD 189733b
• A Highly Eccentric Warm Jupiter Orbiting TIC 237913194
• Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?
• An exploration of model degeneracies with a unified phase curve retrieval analysis: The light and dark sides of WASP-43 b
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs II. 3D thermochemical modelling of WASP-39b and HD 189733b
• Phase curve pollution of exoplanet transmission spectra
• Rotational spectral modulation of cloudless atmospheres for L/T Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Chemulator: Fast, accurate thermochemistry for dynamical models through emulation
• Indications for very high metallicity and absence of methane for the eccentric exo-Saturn WASP-117b
• HCN production in Titan's Atmosphere: Coupling quantum chemistry and disequilibrium atmospheric modeling
• A subsolar oxygen abundance or a radiative region deep in Jupiter revealed by thermochemical modelling
• Data availability and requirements relevant for the Ariel space mission and other exoplanet atmosphere applications
• Chemical mapping of temperate sub-Neptune atmospheres: Constraining the deep-interior H2O/H2 using the atmospheric CO2/CH4
• Impact of stellar flares on the chemical composition and transmission spectra of gaseous exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• WASP-117 b: an eccentric hot-Saturn as a future complex chemistry laboratory
• Understanding the atmospheric properties and chemical composition of the ultra-hot Jupiter HAT-P-7b II. Mapping the effects of gas kinetics
• A retrieval challenge exercise for the Ariel mission
• The deep composition of Uranus and Neptune from in situ exploration and thermochemical modeling
• Stellar impact on disequilibrium chemistry and on observed spectra of hot Jupiter atmospheres
• A Mini-Chemical Scheme with Net Reactions for 3D GCMs I.: Thermochemical Kinetics
• The effect of interior heat flux on the atmospheric circulation of hot and ultra-hot Jupiters
• ACCESS: Confirmation of a Clear Atmosphere for WASP-96b and a Comparison of Light Curve Detrending Techniques
• Modeling synthetic spectra for transiting extrasolar giant planets: detectability of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ with JWST
• Global Chemical Transport on Hot Jupiters: Insights from 2D VULCAN photochemical model
• Dynamics and Clouds in Planetary Atmospheres from Telescopic Observations
• Chemical modeling of exoplanet atmospheres
• The transmission spectrum of WASP-17 b from the optical to the near-infrared wavelengths: combining STIS, WFC3 and IRAC datasets
• A Principal Component Analysis-based method to analyse high-resolution spectroscopic data
• Molecular tracers of planet formation in the atmospheres of hot Jupiters
• Terminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
• Hot exoplanetary atmospheres in 3D
• Transiting exoplanets with the Mid-InfraRed Instrument on board the James Webb Space Telescope: From simulations to observations
• Temperature-chemistry coupling in the evolution of gas giant atmospheres driven by stellar flares
• The deep oxygen abundance in Solar System Giant Planets, with a new derivation for Saturn
• Automated chemical reaction network generation and its application to exoplanet atmospheres
• Photodissociation and induced chemical asymmetries on ultra-hot gas giants. A case study of HCN on WASP-76 b
• An extensively validated C/H/O/N chemical network for hot exoplanet disequilibrium chemistry
• Large Uncertainties in the Thermodynamics of Phosphorus (III) Oxide (P${}_4$O${}_6$) Have Significant Implications for Phosphorus Species in Planetary Atmospheres
• High-fidelity reaction kinetic modeling of hot-Jupiter atmospheres incorporating thermal and UV photochemistry enhanced by metastable CO(a3Pi)
• ARES VI: Viability of one-dimensional retrieval models for transmission spectroscopy characterization of exo-atmospheres in the era of JWST and Ariel
• Cloudy mornings and clear evenings on a gas giant exoplanet
• Unraveling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the temperate sub-Neptune K2-18 b
• Inferring Exoplanet Disequilibria with Multivariate Information in Atmospheric Reaction Networks
• Using a neural network approach to accelerate disequilibrium chemistry calculations in exoplanet atmospheres
• The planetary-mass-limit VLT/SINFONI library: Spectral extraction and atmospheric characterization via forward modeling
• A new pathway to SO${}_2$: Revealing the NUV driven sulfur chemistry in hot gas giants
• Kinetic and photochemical disequilibrium in the potentially carbon-rich atmosphere of the warm-Jupiter WASP-69b
• A re-analysis of equilibrium chemistry in five hot Jupiters
• Experimental Investigation of the Photochemical Production of Hydrocarbons in Warm Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Surface pressure impact on nitrogen-dominated USP super-Earth atmospheres
• Three-dimensional Transport-induced Chemistry on Temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b, Part I: the Effects of Atmospheric Dynamics
• Interpreting the atmospheric composition of exoplanets: sensitivity to planet formation assumptions
• Idealised 3D simulations of diabatically-forced Ledoux convection. Application to the atmosphere of hot rocky exoplanets
• Global Chemistry and Thermal Structure Models for the Hot Jupiter WASP-43b and Predictions for JWST
• Reliability of 1D radiative-convective photochemical-equilibrium retrievals on transit spectra of WASP-107b
• DARWEN: Data-driven Algorithm for Reduction of Wide Exoplanetary Networks
• VUV-absorption cross section of CO2 at high temperatures and impact on exoplanet atmospheres
• Sub-Neptunes as Soot Factories: Deep Atmosphere Hydrocarbon Formation and Quenching as the Origin of Sub-Neptune Aerosol Trends
• Three-dimensional transport-induced chemistry on temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b, Part II: the combined effects of atmospheric dynamics and chemical reactions
• Photochemistry and Spectral Characterization of Temperate and Gas-Rich Exoplanets
• Linking atmospheric chemistry of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b to its formation location through infrared transmission and emission spectra
• Hydrocarbon complexity and photochemical shielding of prebiotic feedstock molecules in exoplanet atmospheres