Planet formation in chemically diverse and evolving discs -- I. Composition of planetary building blocks
arXiv:2506.17399 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554012
Abstract
Protoplanetary discs are dynamic environments where the interplay between chemical processes and mass transport shapes the composition of gas and dust available for planet formation. We investigate the combined effects of volatile chemistry - including both gas-phase and surface reactions - viscous gas evolution, and radial dust drift on the composition of planetary building blocks. We explore scenarios of chemical inheritance and reset under varying ionisation conditions and for various dust grain sizes in the sub-mm regime. We simulate disc evolution using a semi-analytical 1D model that integrates chemical kinetics with gas and dust transport, accounting for viscous heating, turbulent mixing, and refractory organic carbon erosion. We find that mass transport plays a role in the chemical evolution of even sub-micron grains, especially in discs that have experienced strong heating or are exposed to relatively high levels of ionising radiation. The radial drift of relatively small icy grains can yield significant volatile enrichment in the gas phase within the snowlines, increasing the abundances of key species by up to an order of magnitude. Early planetesimal formation can lead to volatile depletion in the inner disc on timescales shorter than 0.5 Myr, while the erosion of refractory organic carbon can lead to markedly superstellar gas-phase C/O and C/N ratios. Notably, none of the analysed scenarios reproduce the monotonic radial trend of the gas-phase C/O ratio predicted by early models. Our results also show that a pairwise comparison of elemental ratios, in the context of the host star's composition, is key to isolating signatures of different scenarios in specific regions of the disc. We conclude that models of planet formation must concurrently account for the chemical and dynamical evolution of discs, as well as the diversity of their initial chemical and physical conditions.
30 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A
References in corpus (93)
- The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
- Observations of the Icy Universe
- The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
- Passive irradiated circumstellar disks with an inner hole
- The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
- Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: a rapid depletion of small grains
- Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
- Particle Stirring in Turbulent Gas Disks: Including Orbital Oscillations
- 2021 Census of Interstellar, Circumstellar, Extragalactic, Protoplanetary Disk, and Exoplanetary Molecules
- Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
- The imprint of exoplanet formation history on observable present-day spectra of hot Jupiters
- A new Generation of Standard Solar Models
- ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
- An Ice Age JWST inventory of dense molecular cloud ices
- Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Key Insights, Challenges and Prospects
- Evolution of protoplanetary disks: Constraints from DM Tauri and GM Aurigae
- Weak Turbulence in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk Revealed by ALMA CO Observations
- Towards Chemical Constraints on Hot Jupiter Migration
- Solar System Abundances of the Elements
- Photochemically-produced SO in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
- Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems
- Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
- Turbulence in the TW Hya Disk
- Material enhancement in protoplanetary nebulae by particle drift through evaporation fronts
- Tracing the Ingredients for a Habitable Earth from Interstellar Space through Planet Formation
- The molecular composition of the planet-forming regions of protoplanetary disks across the luminosity regime
- Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
- A multi-wavelength analysis for interferometric (sub-)mm observations of protoplanetary disks: radial constraints on the dust properties and the disk structure
- Elemental and molecular abundances in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
- Tracing the formation history of giant planets in protoplanetary disks with Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur
- Chemical evolution of turbulent protoplanetary disks and the Solar nebula
- Hydrocarbon emission rings in protoplanetary disks induced by dust evolution
- Atmospheric Signatures of Giant Exoplanet Formation by Pebble Accretion
- Five carbon- and nitrogen-bearing species in a hot giant planet's atmosphere
- Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?
- Molecular abundances and C/O ratios in chemically evolving planet-forming disk midplanes
- How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets I: Heavy element content and atmospheric C/O
- Investigating planet formation in circumstellar disks: CARMA observations of RY Tau and DG Tau
- Carbon Deficiency in Externally-Polluted White Dwarfs: Evidence for Accretion of Asteroids
- Ice Lines, Planetesimal Composition and Solid Surface Density in the Solar Nebula
- Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
- CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
- Reprocessing of Ices in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks: Carbon and Nitrogen Chemistry
- Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
- Jupiter's composition suggests its core assembled exterior to the N2 snowline
- C/O and Snowline Locations in Protoplanetary Disks: The Effect of Radial Drift and Viscous Gas Accretion
- Empirical constraints on turbulence in proto-planetary discs
- Excess C/O and C/H in outer protoplanetary disk gas
- Systematic Variations of CO Gas Abundance with Radius in Gas-rich Protoplanetary Disks
- Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
- The time evolution of dusty protoplanetary disc radii: observed and physical radii differ
- Water in the terrestrial planet-forming zone of the PDS 70 disk
- From planetesimals to planets: volatile molecules
- Five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot Jupiter atmospheres in eclipse
- How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets II: Volatiles and refractories in atmospheres
- Chemical Diversity in Protoplanetary Disks and Its Impact on the Formation History of Giant Planets
- Two Extrasolar Asteroids with Low Volatile-Element Mass Fractions
- The Solar Nebula on Fire: A Solution to the Carbon Deficit in the Inner Solar System
- Breaking Degeneracies in Formation Histories by Measuring Refractory Content in Gas Giants
- Distribution of solids in the rings of the HD 163296 disk: a multiwavelength study
- The spatial distribution of carbon dust in the early solar nebula and the carbon content of planetesimals
- Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
- Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: Refractory carbon depletion leading to super-stellar C/O in giant planetary atmospheres
- Composition of Early Planetary Atmospheres II: Coupled Dust and Chemical Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
- Close-in ice lines and the super-stellar C/O ratio in discs around very low-mass stars
- The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXV. Fundamental properties of transiting exoplanet host stars
- Radionuclide Ionization in Protoplanetary Disks: Calculations of Decay Product Radiative Transfer
- The diverse chemistry of protoplanetary disks as revealed by JWST
- Volatile-to-sulfur Ratios Can Recover a Gas Giant's Accretion History
- Protostellar collapse: the conditions to form dust rich protoplanetary disks
- Protostellar collapse simulations in spherical geometry with dust coagulation and fragmentation
- The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXVIII. Five molecules in the atmosphere of the warm giant planet WASP-69b detected at high spectral resolution
- Solar Abundances of Rock Forming Elements, Extreme Oxygen and Hydrogen in a Young Polluted White Dwarf
- The Chemical Inventory of the Inner Regions of Planet-forming Disks -- The JWST/MINDS Program
- Reflections on nebulae around young stars: A systematic search for late-stage infall of material onto Class II disks
- MINDS. Hydrocarbons detected by JWST/MIRI in the inner disk of Sz28 consistent with a high C/O gas-phase chemistry
- The role of C/O in nitrile astrochemistry in PDRs and planet-forming disks
- The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIX -- Multiple molecular species in the atmosphere of the warm giant planet WASP-80 b unveiled at high resolution with GIANO-B
- Destruction of refractory carbon grains drives the final stage of proto-planetary disk chemistry
- Dust-to-gas ratio resurgence in circumstellar disks due to the formation of giant planets: the case of HD 163296
- Composition of giant planets: the roles of pebbles and planetesimals
- Ariel stellar characterisation: I -- homogeneous stellar parameters of 187 FGK planet host stars Description and validation of the method
- Early planet formation in embedded protostellar disks: Setting the stage for the first generation of planetesimals
- If you like C/O variations, you should have put a ring on it
- Burned to ashes: How the thermal decomposition of refractory organics in the inner protoplanetary disc impacts the gas-phase C/O ratio
- A Method to Constrain the Size of the Protosolar Nebula
- Rapid Formation of Exoplanetesimals Revealed by White Dwarfs
- Evidence for ubiquitous carbon grain destruction in hot protostellar envelopes
- Inside-Out Planet Formation. VII. Astrochemical Models of Protoplanetary Disks and Implications for Planetary Compositions
- Ariel stellar characterisation II. Chemical abundances of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen for 181 planet-host FGK dwarf stars
- Chemical evolution in planet-forming regions with growing grains
- Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability in simulations of infall dominated young disks
- The Compositional Dimension of Planet Formation