C/O ratios in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs with dust evolution

Abstract

Elemental abundances, particularly the C/O ratio, are seen as a way to connect the composition of planetary atmospheres with planet formation scenario and the disc chemical environment. We model the chemical composition of gas and ices in a self-gravitating disc on timescales of 0.5\,Myr since its formation to study the evolution of C/O ratio due to dust dynamics and growth, and phase transitions of the volatile species. We use the thin-disc hydrodynamic code FEOSAD, which includes disc self-gravity, thermal balance, dust evolution and turbulent diffusion, and treats dust as a dynamically different and evolving component interacting with the gas. It also describes freeze-out, sublimation and advection of four volatile species: H${}_2$O, CO${}_2$, CH${}_4$ and CO. We demonstrate the effect of gas and dust substructures on the distribution of volatiles and C/O ratios, including the formation of multiple snowlines of one species, and point out the anticorrelation between dust-to-gas ratio and total C/O ratio emerging due to the contribution of oxygen-rich ice mantles. We identify time and spatial locations where two distinct trigger mechanisms for planet formation are operating and differentiate them by C/O ratio range: wide range of the C/O ratios of $0-1.4$ for streaming instability, and a much narrower range $0.3-0.6$ for gravitational instability (with the initial value of 0.34). This conclusion is corroborated by observations, showing that transiting exoplanets, which possibly experienced migration through a variety of disc conditions, have significantly larger spread of C/O in comparison with directly imaged exoplanets likely formed in gravitationally unstable outer disk regions. We show that the ice-phase C/O$\approx 0.2-0.3$ between the CO, CO${}_2$ and CH${}_4$ snowlines corresponds to the composition of the Solar system comets, that represent primordial planetesimals.

29 pages, 10 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in PASA

References in corpus (130)

• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres
• Rapid growth of gas-giant cores by pebble accretion
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• The Spitzer ice legacy: Ice evolution from cores to protostars
• Rosseland and Planck Mean Opacities for Protoplanetary Discs
• Gravitational Instabilities in Circumstellar Disks
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Wind-driven Accretion in Protoplanetary Disks. I: Suppression of the Magnetorotational Instability and Launching of the Magnetocentrifugal Wind
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• C/O ratio as a Dimension for Characterizing Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Can giant planets form by direct gravitational instability?
• The imprint of exoplanet formation history on observable present-day spectra of hot Jupiters
• Cosmic-ray ionization of molecular clouds
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• Episodic accretion in magnetically layered protoplanetary discs
• High C/O Ratio and Weak Thermal Inversion in the Very Hot Atmosphere of Exoplanet WASP-12b
• The stickiness of micrometer-sized water-ice particles
• Thermal Desorption of Water-Ice in the Interstellar Medium
• Concentrating small particles in protoplanetary disks through the streaming instability
• The burst mode of accretion and disk fragmentation in the early embedded stages of star formation
• Chemical consequences of the C/O ratio on hot Jupiters: Examples from WASP-12b,CoRoT-2b, XO-1b, and HD 189733b
• Global simulations of protoplanetary disks with ohmic resistivity and ambipolar diffusion
• Water, Methane, and Carbon Dioxide Present in the Dayside Spectrum of the Exoplanet HD 209458b
• Planetesimal formation starts at the snow line
• How to form planetesimals from mm-sized chondrules and chondrule aggregates
• Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
• A Sub-Neptune Exoplanet with a Low-Metallicity Methane-Depleted Atmosphere and Mie-Scattering Clouds
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• A cosmic abundance standard: chemical homogeneity of the solar neighbourhood and the ISM dust-phase composition
• Retrieving scattering clouds and disequilibrium chemistry in the atmosphere of HR 8799e
• Material enhancement in protoplanetary nebulae by particle drift through evaporation fronts
• Desorption rates and sticking coefficients for CO and N2 interstellar ices
• The molecular composition of the planet-forming regions of protoplanetary disks across the luminosity regime
• Dust Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• Volatile carbon locking and release in protoplanetary disks. A study of TW Hya and HD 100546
• Tracing the formation history of giant planets in protoplanetary disks with Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur
• Chemical evolution of turbulent protoplanetary disks and the Solar nebula
• Hydrocarbon emission rings in protoplanetary disks induced by dust evolution
• A solar C/O and sub-solar metallicity in a hot Jupiter atmosphere
• Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?
• Formation of planets by tidal downsizing of giant planet embryos
• Molecular abundances and C/O ratios in chemically evolving planet-forming disk midplanes
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets I: Heavy element content and atmospheric C/O
• A Near-IR Spectroscopic Survey of FU Orionis Objects
• Thresholds for Particle Clumping by the Streaming Instability
• On the Dayside Thermal Emission of Hot Jupiters
• Modeling Magnetorotational Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks with Dead Zones
• Long-term Evolution of Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disks. I. Outbursts
• Meridional circulation of gas into gaps opened by giant planets in three-dimensional low-viscosity disks
• Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
• Formation of giant planets and brown dwarfs on wide orbits
• CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
• Peering into the formation history of beta Pictoris b with VLTI/GRAVITY long baseline interferometry
• The ice composition in the disk around V883 Ori revealed by its stellar outburst
• Transport of CO in Protoplanetary Disks: Consequences of Pebble Formation, Settling, and Radial Drift
• Grain sedimentation inside giant planet embryos
• Jupiter's composition suggests its core assembled exterior to the N2 snowline
• Observational Constraints on the Physical Properties of Interstellar Dust in the Post-Planck Era
• The 13O-rich atmosphere of a young accreting super-Jupiter
• C/O and Snowline Locations in Protoplanetary Disks: The Effect of Radial Drift and Viscous Gas Accretion
• The carbon monoxide-rich interstellar comet 2I/Borisov
• Episodic Accretion in Young Stars
• Hints for icy pebble migration feeding an oxygen-rich chemistry in the inner planet-forming region of disks
• Constraining Gas-Phase Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios
• Five key exoplanet questions answered via the analysis of 25 hot Jupiter atmospheres in eclipse
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: A main sequence for C/O in hot-exoplanetary atmospheres
• The early evolution of viscous and self-gravitating circumstellar disks with a dust component
• On the origin of the spiral morphology in the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disc
• Tidally induced brown dwarf and planet formation in circumstellar discs
• Redistribution of CO at the Location of the CO Ice Line in evolving Gas and Dust Disks
• Planetesimal Population Synthesis: Pebble Flux Regulated Planetesimal Formation
• Chemistry in disks. XI. Sulfur-bearing species as tracers of protoplanetary disk physics and chemistry: the DM Tau case
• Gas composition of main volatile elements in protoplanetary discs and its implication for planet formation
• Exploring the conditions required to form giant planets via gravitational instability in massive protoplanetary discs
• The Peculiar Volatile Composition of CO-Dominated Comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)
• The Solar Nebula on Fire: A Solution to the Carbon Deficit in the Inner Solar System
• CID: Chemistry in disks VI.sulfur-bearing molecules in the protoplanetary disks surrounding LkCa15, MWC480, DM Tau, and GO Tau
• Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Resolved Images of Protostellar Disks
• Nonsticky Ice at the Origin of the Uniformly Polarized Submillimeter Emission from the HL Tau Disk
• Efficient planet formation by pebble accretion in ALMA rings
• The spatial distribution of carbon dust in the early solar nebula and the carbon content of planetesimals
• The chemical inventory of the planet-hosting disk PDS 70
• Connecting planet formation and astrochemistry: Refractory carbon depletion leading to super-stellar C/O in giant planetary atmospheres
• Jupiter formed as a pebble pile around the N${}_2$ ice line
• JWST transmission spectroscopy of HD 209458b: a super-solar metallicity, a very low C/O, and no evidence of CH4, HCN, or C2H2
• Global 3-D Radiation Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations for FU Ori's Accretion Disk and Observational Signatures of Magnetic Fields
• Assessing the C/O Ratio Formation Diagnostic: A Potential Trend with Companion Mass
• Chemistry in a gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disc
• Fragmenting protostellar disks: properties and observational signatures
• Gas mass tracers in protoplanetary disks: CO is still the best
• Outbursts in Global Protoplanetary Disk Simulations
• Efficiency of radial transport of ices in protoplanetary disks probed with infrared observations: the case of CO${}_2$
• Core-assisted gas capture instability: a new mode of giant planet formation by gravitationally unstable discs
• How drifting and evaporating pebbles shape giant planets III: The formation of WASP-77A b and $\tau$ Boötis b
• Accretion bursts in magnetized gas-dust protoplanetary disks
• Dynamical Gaseous Rings in Global Simulations of Protoplanetary Disk Formation
• Jupiter's "Cold" Formation in the Protosolar Disk Shadow: An Explanation for the Planet's Uniformly Enriched Atmosphere
• C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS): A comet rich in CO and depleted in HCN
• Evolution of dust in protoplanetary disks of eruptive stars
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. II. Spatial distribution and growth of dust in a clumpy disk
• Gas accretion damped by dust back-reaction at the snow line
• Vertical gas accretion impacts the carbon-to-oxygen ratio of gas giant atmospheres
• Composition of giant planets: the roles of pebbles and planetesimals
• Super-adiabatic Temperature Gradient at Jupiter's Equatorial Zone and Implications for the Water Abundance
• Measuring elemental abundance ratios in protoplanetary disks at millimeter wavelengths
• Planetesimal formation around the snow line. II. Dust or pebbles?
• Volatiles in protoplanetary disks
• The effect of external environment on the evolution of protostellar disks
• Gravitoviscous protoplanetary disks with a dust component. V. The dynamic model for freeze-out and sublimation of volatiles
• Establishing Dust Rings and Forming Planets Within Them
• Revealing dust segregation in protoplanetary discs with the help of multi-frequency spectral index maps
• The effect of luminosity outbursts on the protoplanetary disk dynamics
• Spirals and clumps in V960 Mon: signs of planet formation via gravitational instability around an FU Ori star?
• Primordial Dusty Rings and Episodic Outbursts in Protoplanetary Discs
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• The deep oxygen abundance in Solar System Giant Planets, with a new derivation for Saturn
• Retrieving planet formation parameters of WASP-77Ab using SimAb
• An alternative model for the origin of gaps in circumstellar disks
• Spatially resolving the chemical composition of the planet building blocks
• A question of personalities: evolution of viscous and wind-driven protoplanetary discs in the presence of dead zones
• Formation of super-Earths in icy dead zones around low-mass stars
• Chemistry across dust and gas gaps in protoplanetary disks: modelling the co-spatial molecular rings in the HD 100546 disk
• Triton and Pluto: same origin but separated at birth
• The metallicity and carbon-to-oxygen ratio of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76b from Gemini-S/IGRINS
• Mind the Trap: Non-negligible effect of volatile trapping in ice on C/O ratios in protoplanetary disks and exoplanetary atmospheres
• Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanet
• C/O Ratios and the formation of wide separation exoplanets

Cited by in corpus (2)

• Chemical transformation of CO in evolving protoplanetary discs across stellar masses: a route to C-rich inner regions
• Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks