The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures

Abstract

The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project used ALMA to map the 1.25 millimeter continuum of protoplanetary disks at a spatial resolution of ~5 au. We present a systematic analysis of annular substructures in the 18 single-disk systems targeted in this survey. No dominant architecture emerges from this sample; instead, remarkably diverse morphologies are observed. Annular substructures can occur at virtually any radius where millimeter continuum emission is detected and range in widths from a few au to tens of au. Intensity ratios between gaps and adjacent rings range from near-unity to just a few percent. In a minority of cases, annular substructures co-exist with other types of substructures, including spiral arms (3/18) and crescent-like azimuthal asymmetries (2/18). No clear trend is observed between the positions of the substructures and stellar host properties. In particular, the absence of an obvious association with stellar host luminosity (and hence the disk thermal structure) suggests that substructures do not occur preferentially near major molecular snowlines. Annular substructures like those observed in DSHARP have long been hypothesized to be due to planet-disk interactions. A few disks exhibit characteristics particularly suggestive of this scenario, including substructures in possible mean-motion resonance and "double gap" features reminiscent of hydrodynamical simulations of multiple gaps opened by a planet in a low-viscosity disk.

arXiv comment33 pages, 12 figures, captions corrected

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• Planet gap opening across stellar masses
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) II. The radial structure of debris discs
• A major asymmetric ice trap in a planet-forming disk IV. Nitric oxide gas and a lack of CN tracing sublimating ices and a C/O ratio $<1$
• Observing protoplanetary discs with the Square Kilometre Array -- I. Characterising pebble substructure caused by forming planets
• Exciting spiral arms in protoplanetary discs from flybys
• The ALMA survey to Resolve exoKuiper belt Substructures (ARKS) I: Motivation, sample, data reduction, and results overview
• Vertically extended and asymmetric CN emission in the Elias 2-27 protoplanetary disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). Complex Kinematics in the AS 209 Disk Induced by a Forming Planet and Disk Winds
• A localized kinematic structure detected in atomic carbon emission spatially coincident with a proposed protoplanet in the HD 163296 disk
• A 3mm chemical exploration of small organics in Class I YSOs
• Promoted Mass Growth of Multiple, Distant Giant Planets through Pebble Accretion and Planet-Planet Collision
• A recipe for orbital eccentricity damping in the type-I regime for low viscosity 2D-discs
• Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in IM Lup: onset of planetesimal formation
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) IX: High-resolution ALMA Observations of the Class 0 Protostar R CrA IRS5N and its surrounding
• Wide Dust Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks Induced by Eccentric Planets: A Mass-Eccentricity Degeneracy
• Gravitoviscous Protoplanetary Discs with a Dust Component. IV. Disc Outer Edges, Spectral Indices, and Opacity Gaps
• No Significant Correlation between Line-emission and Continuum Substructures in the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales Program
• The Molecular Composition of Shadowed Protosolar Disk Midplanes beyond the Water Snowline
• H${}_2$O distribution in the disc of HD 100546 and HD 163296: the role of dust dynamics and planet--disc interaction
• AB Aurigae: Possible evidence of planet formation through the gravitational instability
• Radial and vertical constraints on the icy origin of H${}_2$CO in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• Hiding Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• The observational impact of dust trapping in self-gravitating discs
• Gap-opening Planets Make Dust Rings Wider
• Planetary core formation via multi-species pebble accretion
• High-resolution ALMA observations of compact discs in the wide-binary system Sz 65 and Sz 66
• Ring Morphology with Dust Coagulation in Protoplanetary Disks
• Implementation of dust particles in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulation: Dust dynamics in a collapsing cloud core
• Constraining the masses of planets in protoplanetary discs from the presence or absence of vortices -- Comparison with ALMA observations
• First Images of the Protoplanetary Disk Around PDS 201
• First detections of H13CO+ and HC15N in the disk around HD 97048: Evidence for a cold gas reservoir in the outer disk
• Warping Away Gravitational Instabilities in Protoplanetary Discs
• The Radial Distribution and Excitation of H2 around Young Stars in the HST-ULLYSES Survey
• Planetesimal formation via the streaming instability with multiple grain sizes
• Probing UV-Sensitive Pathways for CN and HCN Formation in Protoplanetary Disks with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Hints of a Population of Solar System Analog Planets from ALMA
• A potential site for wide-orbit giant planet formation in the IM Lup disk
• FAUST. XVIII. Evidence for annular substructure in a very young Class 0 disk
• Growth after the streaming instability: The radial distance dependence of the planetary growth
• A Machine Learning model to infer planet masses from gaps observed in protoplanetary disks
• A millimeter-multiwavelength continuum study of VLA 1623 West
• The effect of the streaming instability on protoplanetary disc emission at millimetre wavelengths
• DPNNet-2.0 Part I: Finding hidden planets from simulated images of protoplanetary disk gaps
• Early Planet Formation in Embedded Disks (eDisk) XVI: An asymmetric dust disk driving a multi-component molecular outflow in the young Class 0 protostar GSS30 IRS3
• Distinguishing Magnetized Disc Winds from Turbulent Viscosity through Substructure Morphology in Planet-forming Discs
• Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks Driven by an Eccentric Instability
• 3-D SPH simulations of the FUOR flares in the clumpy accretion model
• Clumpy accretion in pre-main-sequence stars as a source of perturbations in circumstellar disks
• Regularized Maximum Likelihood Image Synthesis and Validation for ALMA Continuum Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA constraints on assembly of Core Accretion planets
• Using HCO${}^{+}$ isotopologues as tracers of gas depletion in protoplanetary disk gaps
• Radiative scale-height and shadows in protoplanetary disks
• Probing the Temperature Structure of the Inner Region of a Protoplanetary Disk
• A dichotomy in group II Herbig disks: ALMA gas disk height measurements show both shadowed large vertically extended disks and compact flat disks
• Turbulent Disk Viscosity and the Bifurcation of Planet Formation Histories
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA I: mass of the possible planets embedded in the dust gap
• Termination of an inward migration of a gap-opening planet triggered by dust feedback
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• Hydrodynamic turbulence in disks with embedded planets
• UV Fluorescence Traces Gas and LyA Evolution in Protoplanetary Disks
• Dust rings as a footprint of planet formation in a protoplanetary disk
• Self-Sustaining Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks: Setting the Stage for Planetary System Formation
• Lyman-alpha Scattering Models Trace Accretion and Outflow Kinematics in T Tauri Systems
• exoALMA. VIII. Probabilistic Moment Maps and Data Products using Non-parametric Linear Models
• Millimeter emission in photoevaporating disks is determined by early substructures
• Mid-infrared evidence for iron-rich dust in the multi-ringed inner disk of HD 144432
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• Testing velocity kinks as a planet-detection method: Do velocity kinks in surface gas emission trace planetary spiral wakes in the midplane continuum?
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• A Tale of Two Grains: impact of grain size on ring formation via nonideal MHD processes
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Dust dynamics in planet-driven spirals
• Do all gaps in protoplanetary discs host planets?
• ALMA observation of the protoplanetary disk around WW Cha: faint double-peaked ring and asymmetric structure
• Direct Measurement of Extinction in a Planet-Hosting Gap
• Constraining giant planet formation with synthetic ALMA images of the Solar System's natal protoplanetary disk
• The Morphology of the HD 163296 jet as a window on its planetary system
• A Mixed Stirring Mechanism for Debris Discs with Giant and Dwarf Planetary Perturbations
• Locating Hidden Exoplanets in ALMA Data Using Machine Learning
• Discs are born eccentric
• Testing photoevaporation and MHD disk wind models through future high-angular resolution radio observations: the case of TW Hydrae
• Intermediate mass T Tauri disk masses and a comparison to their Herbig disk descendants
• Spreading pressure bumps in gas-dust discs can stall planet migration via planet-vortex interactions
• Using planet migration and dust drift to weigh protoplanetary discs
• Long-Term Dynamics of Planetesimals in Planetary Chaotic Zones
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Emerging population of gap-opening planets around type-A stars -- Long-term evolution of the forming planets around HD 163296
• Early High-contrast Imaging Results with Keck/NIRC2-PWFS: The SR 21 Disk
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• A Large Double-ring Disk around the Taurus M Dwarf J04124068+2438157
• Modeling the arc and ring structures in the HD 143006 disk
• Simulations of thermal surface waves in a protoplanetary disk using 1+1D approximation
• Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in the Disk of HD 163296 Traced by Localized Emission from Simple Organics
• Stability of Dusty Rings in Protoplanetary Discs
• The paradox of youth for ALMA planet candidates
• From traffic jams to roadblocks: The outer regions of TW Hya with ALMA Band 8
• Protoplanetary disk insights from the first ERIS/APP survey at 4 μm
• Multiple Rings and Asymmetric Structures in the Disk of SR 21
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{II}$. Time-dependent model
• Estimating the depth of gaps opened by planets in eccentric orbit
• A question of personalities: evolution of viscous and wind-driven protoplanetary discs in the presence of dead zones
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• Directly Detecting the Envelopes of Low-mass Planets Embedded In Protoplanetary Discs and The Case For TW Hydrae
• The evolution of the flux-size relationship in protoplanetary discs by viscous evolution and radial pebble drift
• FAUST. XXVIII. High-Resolution ALMA Observations of Class 0/I Disks: Structure, Optical Depths, and Temperatures
• Astrometric view of companions in the inner dust cavities of protoplanetary disks
• C/O ratios in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs with dust evolution
• Continuing to Hide Signatures of Gravitational Instability in Protoplanetary Discs with Planets
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Evidence of a Disk-wind Origin for Fluorescent H${}_2$ in Classical T Tauri Stars
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• The Dissolution of Planetesimals in Electrostatic Fields
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VIII: CO Gap in AS 209--Gas Depletion or Chemical Processing?
• Kinematic Evidence of an Embedded Protoplanet in HD 142666 Identified by Machine Learning
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• Forbidden Emission Line spectro-imaging of the RU Lupi jet and Low Velocity Component
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS XVIII): Kinematic Substructures in the Disks of HD 163296 and MWC 480
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• Rossby wave instability in weakly ionized protoplanetary disks. II. radial B-fields
• NMF-based GPU accelerated coronagraphy pipeline
• Effects of Stellar X-ray Photoevaporation on Planetesimal Formation via the Streaming Instability
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). XV. Tracing protoplanetary disk structure within 20 au
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• A tension between dust and gas radii: the role of substructures and external photoevaporation in protoplanetary disks
• Searching for planet-driven dust spirals in ALMA visibilities
• A Pathway for Collisional Planetesimal Growth in the Ice-Dominant Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Dust Growth in ALMA Rings: II. Dusty Rossby Wave Instability
• The eccentricity distribution of wide binaries and their individual measurements
• Gravitational instability in planet-forming discs
• MINDS survey of silicates in T Tauri disks: Correlation between dust and gas
• Reading between the rings: observed dust ring properties as probes of planet masses
• Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry
• Dust-driven vortex cascades originating at water snow regions: A pathway to planetesimal formation
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• A VLA View of the Flared, Asymmetric Disk Around the Class 0 Protostar L1527 IRS
• Collision rates of planetesimals near mean-motion resonances
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Longterm Stability of Planetary Systems formed from a Transitional Disk
• Unexpected gap creating two peaks in the periods of planets of metal-rich sunlike single stars
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Two Rings and a Marginally Resolved, 5 AU, Disk Around LkCa 15 Identified Via Near Infrared Sparse Aperture Masking Interferometry
• The Substructures in Disks undergoing Vertical Shear Instability: II. Observational Predictions for the Dust Continuum
• The effect of late giant collisions on the atmospheres of protoplanets and the formation of cold sub-Saturns
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Non-ideal MHD and protostellar feedback effects on disc formation and evolution in numerical simulations of star cluster formation