Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk

Abstract

The concentric gaps and rings commonly observed in protoplanetary disks in millimeter continuum emission have lent the impression that planet formation generally proceeds within orderly, isolated systems. While deep observations of spatially resolved molecular emission have been comparatively limited, they are increasingly suggesting that some disks interact with their surroundings while planet formation is underway. We present an analysis of complex features identified around GM Aur in ${}^{12}$CO $J=2-1$ images at a spatial resolution of $\sim 40$ au. In addition to a Keplerian disk extending to a radius of $\sim 550$ au, the CO emission traces flocculent spiral arms out to radii of $\sim$1200 au, a tail extending $\sim 1800$ au southwest of GM Aur, and diffuse structures extending from the north side of the disk up to radii of $\sim 1900$ au. The diffuse structures coincide with a "dust ribbon" previously identified in scattered light. The large-scale asymmetric gas features present a striking contrast with the mostly axisymmetric, multi-ringed millimeter continuum tracing the pebble disk. We hypothesize that GM Aur's complex gas structures result from late infall of remnant envelope or cloud material onto the disk. The morphological similarities to the SU Aur and AB Aur systems, which are also located in the L1517 cloud, provide additional support to a scenario in which interactions with the environment are playing a role in regulating the distribution and transport of material in all three of these Class II disk systems. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.

arXiv comment34 pages, 21 figures, in press at ApJS, cross-references updated

References in corpus (104)

• SciPy 1.0--Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python
• Array Programming with NumPy
• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• scikit-image: Image processing in Python
• Herschel Space Observatory - An ESA facility for far-infrared and submillimetre astronomy
• The Herschel-SPIRE instrument and its in-flight performance
• The USNO-B Catalog
• Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties
• Estimating distances from parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia Data Release 2
• An atomic and molecular database for analysis of submillimetre line observations
• From filamentary clouds to prestellar cores to the stellar IMF: Initial highlights from the Herschel Gould Belt survey
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Nonlinear Outcome of Gravitational Instability in Cooling, Gaseous Disks
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• Multi-Scale CLEAN deconvolution of radio synthesis images
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Dynamical Masses of T Tauri Stars and Calibration of PMS Evolution
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Probing the structure of protoplanetary disks: a comparative study of DM Tau, LkCa 15 and MWC 480
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• The Origin of Episodic Accretion Bursts in the Early Stages of Star Formation
• ALMA Observations of Circumstellar Disks in the Upper Scorpius OB Association
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• Unveiling the Structure of Pre-Transitional Disks
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Organic molecules in protoplanetary disks around TTauri and HerbigAe stars
• Why do protoplanetary disks appear not massive enough to form the known exoplanet population?
• A Spatially Resolved Vertical Temperature Gradient in the HD 163296 Disk
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• Volatile carbon locking and release in protoplanetary disks. A study of TW Hya and HD 100546
• Global Models for the Evolution of Embedded, Accreting Protostellar Disks
• Hydrocarbon emission rings in protoplanetary disks induced by dust evolution
• A Spatially Resolved Inner Hole in the Disk around GM Aurigae
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• Long-term Evolution of Protostellar and Protoplanetary Disks. II. Layered Accretion with Infall
• 2-D simulations of FU Orionis disk outbursts
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) V: CO gas distributions
• A protostellar system fed by a streamer of 10,500 au length
• Disk Imaging Survey of Chemistry with SMA (DISCS): I. Taurus Protoplanetary Disk Data
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): IV. Characterizing substructures and interactions in disks around multiple star systems
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Flybys in protoplanetary discs: I. Gas and dust dynamics
• The Stellar Membership of the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Gould's Belt Distances Survey (GOBELINS). IV. Distance, Depth and Kinematics of the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• Resolving the chemistry in the disk of TW Hydrae I. Deuterated species
• Zoom-Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks starting from GMC scales
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• The circumstellar disk of AB Aurigae: evidence for envelope accretion at late stages of star formation?
• ALMA Observations of Infalling Flows toward the Keplerian Disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• A New Probe of the Planet-Forming Region in T Tauri Disks
• Accretion Outbursts in Self-gravitating Protoplanetary Disks
• Continuum and CO/HCO+ Emission from the Disk Around the T Tauri Star LkCa 15
• Spiral arms in the disk of HD 142527 from CO emission lines with ALMA
• Disk Evolution Study Through Imaging of Nearby Young Stars (DESTINYS): Late infall causing disk misalignment and dynamic structures in SU Aur
• Measuring the Recoverability of Close Binaries in Gaia DR2 with the Robo-AO Kepler Survey
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• AUTO-MULTITHRESH: A General Purpose Automasking Algorithm
• Bright C2H emission in protoplanetary disks in Lupus: high volatile C/O>1 ratios
• A Survey for New Members of the Taurus Star-Forming Region with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• An ALMA survey of DCN/H${}^{13}$CN and DCO${}^{+}$/H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ in protoplanetary disks
• Circumstellar Disks of the Most Vigorously Accreting Young Stars
• A Survey for New Members of Taurus from Stellar to Planetary Masses
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). VII. Sub-stellar O/H and C/H and super-stellar C/O in planet feeding gas
• Cloudlet capture by Transitional Disk and FU Orionis stars
• Disks Around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S) II: Twenty-one new polarimetric images of young stellar disks
• HL Tau disk in HCO+ (3-2) and (1-0) with ALMA: gas density, temperature, gap, and one-arm spiral
• Sizes of protoplanetary discs after star-disc encounters
• Possible evidence of ongoing planet formation in AB Aurigae. A showcase of the SPHERE/ALMA synergy
• Episodic accretion, protostellar radiative feedback, and their role in low-mass star formation
• Chemistry in Disks X: The Molecular Content of Proto-planetary Disks in Taurus
• Observability of planet-disc interactions in CO kinematics
• Empirical Temperature Measurement in Protoplanetary Disks
• A case of simultaneous star and planet formation
• Multiple Stellar Fly-Bys Sculpting the Circumstellar Architecture in RW Aurigae
• How Spirals and Gaps Driven by Companions in Protoplanetary Disks Appear in Scattered Light at Arbitrary Viewing Angles
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VI: Distribution of the small organics HCN, C2H, and H2CO
• An ALMA Survey of H${}_2$CO in Protoplanetary Disks
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• Spiral-driven accretion in protoplanetary discs - I. 2D models
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• Are protoplanetary disks born with vortices? -- Rossby wave instability driven by protostellar infall
• Multiple rings in the transitional disk of GM Aurigae revealed by VLA and ALMA
• Chemistry in a gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disc
• Multi-epoch Ultraviolet HST Observations of Accreting Low-mass Stars
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XI: CN and HCN as Tracers of Photochemistry in Disks
• Global Gravitational Instabilities in Discs with Infall
• Predicting the kinematic evidence of gravitational instability
• ALMA chemical survey of disk-outflow sources in Taurus (ALMA-DOT) V: Sample, overview, and demography of disk molecular emission
• A Tail Structure Associated with Protoplanetary Disk around SU Aurigae
• Large-scale CO spiral arms and complex kinematics associated with the T Tauri star RU Lup
• 1000 AU Exterior Arcs Connected to the Protoplanetary Disk around HL Tau
• Near-IR High-Resolution Imaging Polarimetry of the SU Aur Disk: Clues for Tidal Tails?
• The origin of tail-like structures around protoplanetary disks
• Revealing the Star-Disk-Jet Connection in GM Aur using Multiwavelength Variability
• Probing UV-Sensitive Pathways for CN and HCN Formation in Protoplanetary Disks with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Panchromatic Imaging of a Transitional Disk: The Disk of GM Aur in Optical and FUV Scattered Light
• Gravitational instabilities in a protosolar-like disc III: molecular line detection and sensitivities
• Late encounter-events as a source of disks and spiral structures -- Forming second generation disks

Cited by in corpus (3)

• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). VII. Sub-stellar O/H and C/H and super-stellar C/O in planet feeding gas
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). XV. Tracing protoplanetary disk structure within 20 au