Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) V: CO gas distributions

Abstract

Here we present high resolution (15-24 au) observations of CO isotopologue lines from the Molecules with ALMA on Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) ALMA Large Program. Our analysis employs ${}^{13}$CO and C${}^{18}$O ($J$=2-1), (1-0), and C${}^{17}$O (1-0) line observations of five protoplanetary disks. We retrieve CO gas density distributions, using three independent methods: (1) a thermo-chemical modeling framework based on the CO data, the broadband spectral energy distribution, and the mm-continuum emission; (2) an empirical temperature distribution based on optically thick CO lines; and (3) a direct fit to the C${}^{17}$O hyperfine lines. Results from these methods generally show excellent agreement. The CO gas column density profiles of the five disks show significant variations in the absolute value and the radial shape. Assuming a gas-to-dust mass ratio of 100, all five disks have a global CO-to-H${}_2$ abundance of 10-100 times lower than the ISM ratio. The CO gas distributions between 150-400 au match well with models of viscous disks, supporting the long-standing theory. CO gas gaps appear to be correlated with continuum gap locations, but some deep continuum gaps do not have corresponding CO gaps. The relative depths of CO and dust gaps are generally consistent with predictions of planet-disk interactions, but some CO gaps are 5-10 times shallower than predictions based on dust gaps. This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement.

This paper is part of the MAPS special issue of the Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 36 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS

References in corpus (54)

• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• A Three-Dimensional View of Turbulence: Constraints on Turbulent Motions in the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk using DCO${}^{+}$
• Complex organic molecules in protoplanetary disks
• Chemical enrichment of giant planets and discs due to pebble drift
• The chemical history of molecules in circumstellar disks. I. Ices
• Evolution of Protoplanetary Discs with Magnetically Driven Disc Winds
• Constraining the X-ray and Cosmic Ray Ionization Chemistry of the TW Hya Protoplanetary Disk: Evidence for a Sub-interstellar Cosmic Ray Rate
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• Mass Estimates of a Giant Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk from the Gap Structures
• Direct mapping of the temperature and velocity gradients in discs. Imaging the vertical CO snow line around IM Lupi
• Protoplanetary disk masses from CO isotopologues line emission
• Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or large carbon depletion?
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• Measuring turbulent motion in planet-forming disks with ALMA: A detection around DM Tau and non-detections around MWC 480 and V4046 Sgr
• Setting the volatile composition of (exo)planet-building material. Does chemical evolution in disk midplanes matter?
• Gas density drops inside dust cavities of transitional disks around young stars observed with ALMA
• Challenges in Planet Formation
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Parameters of Herbig Ae/Be and Vega-type stars
• Mass inventory of the giant-planet formation zone in a solar nebula analog
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks: A Unified Picture Combining Physical Sequestration and Chemical Processing
• Planet-forming material in a protoplanetary disc: the interplay between chemical evolution and pebble drift
• Dust Density Distribution and Imaging Analysis of Different Ice Lines in Protoplanetary Disks
• An ALMA Survey of CO isotopologue emission from Protoplanetary Disks in Chamaeleon I
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• Water vapor distribution in protoplanetary disks
• A survey of C2H, HCN, and C18O in protoplanetary disks
• An ALMA survey of DCN/H${}^{13}$CN and DCO${}^{+}$/H${}^{13}$CO${}^{+}$ in protoplanetary disks
• Constraints from Dust Mass and Mass Accretion Rate Measurements on Angular Momentum Transport in Protoplanetary Disks
• Tracing water vapor and ice during dust growth
• Exploring the Origins of Carbon in Terrestrial Worlds
• Observed sizes of planet-forming disks trace viscous evolution
• HD far infrared emission as a measure of protoplanetary disk mass
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VI: Distribution of the small organics HCN, C2H, and H2CO
• Spontaneous ring formation in wind-emitting accretion discs
• Midplane temperature and outer edge of the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296
• The TW Hya Rosetta Stone Project III: Resolving the Gaseous Thermal Profile of the Disk
• An unbiased ALMA spectral survey of the LkCa 15 and MWC 480 protoplanetary disks
• An evolutionary study of volatile chemistry in protoplanetary disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XI: CN and HCN as Tracers of Photochemistry in Disks
• Gas mass tracers in protoplanetary disks: CO is still the best
• Turbulent-diffusion Mediated CO Depletion in Weakly Turbulent Protoplanetary disks
• Using FUV to IR Variability to Probe the Star-Disk Connection in the Transitional Disk of GM Aur
• Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks IV. A panchromatic view of protoplanetary disks
• Unlocking CO Depletion in Protoplanetary Disks II. Primordial C/H Predictions Inside the CO Snowline
• The Excitation Conditions of CN in TW Hya
• High resolution observations of molecular emission lines toward the CI Tau proto-planetary disc: planet-carved gaps or shadowing?
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VIII: CO Gap in AS 209--Gas Depletion or Chemical Processing?

Cited by in corpus (31)

• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) I: Program Overview and Highlights
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) IV: Emission Surfaces and Vertical Distribution of Molecules
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIV: Revealing disk substructures in multi-wavelength continuum emission
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). VII. Sub-stellar O/H and C/H and super-stellar C/O in planet feeding gas
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VI: Distribution of the small organics HCN, C2H, and H2CO
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). IX. Distribution and Properties of the Large Organic Molecules HC${}_3$N, CH${}_3$CN, and $c$-C${}_3$H${}_2$
• Directly tracing the vertical stratification of molecules in protoplanetary disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XI: CN and HCN as Tracers of Photochemistry in Disks
• Sulphur monoxide emission tracing an embedded planet in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIII: HCO${}^{+}$ and disk ionization structure
• Mapping Protoplanetary Disk Vertical Structure with CO Isotopologue Line Emission
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• C${}^{18}$O emission as an effective measure of gas masses of protoplanetary disks
• Effect of MHD wind-driven disk evolution on the observed sizes of protoplanetary disks
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). X. Studying deuteration at high angular resolution toward protoplanetary disks
• Chemical modeling of Orion Nebula Cluster disks: evidence for massive, compact gas disks with ISM-like gas-to-dust ratios
• Constraining the turbulence and the dust disk in IM Lup: onset of planetesimal formation
• No Significant Correlation between Line-emission and Continuum Substructures in the Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales Program
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) VIII: CO Gap in AS 209--Gas Depletion or Chemical Processing?
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA II: evolution outcomes and dynamical stability
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS XVIII): Kinematic Substructures in the Disks of HD 163296 and MWC 480
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). XV. Tracing protoplanetary disk structure within 20 au
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XVII: Determining the 2D Thermal Structure of the HD 163296 Disk
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales. XX. The Massive Disk Around GM Aurigae
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Global Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks with Outer Truncation