Predicting the kinematic evidence of gravitational instability

Abstract

Observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter array (ALMA) have dramatically improved our understanding of the site of exoplanet formation: protoplanetary discs. However, many basic properties of these discs are not well-understood. The most fundamental of these is the total disc mass, which sets the mass budget for planet formation. Discs with sufficiently high masses can excite gravitational instability and drive spiral arms that are detectable with ALMA . Although spirals have been detected in ALMA observations of the dust , their association with gravitational instability, and high disc masses, is far from clear. Here we report a prediction for kinematic evidence of gravitational instability. Using hydrodynamics simulations coupled with radiative transfer calculations, we show that a disc undergoing such instability has clear kinematic signatures in molecular line observations across the entire disc azimuth and radius which are independent of viewing angle. If these signatures are detected, it will provide the clearest evidence for the occurrence of gravitational instability in planet-forming discs, and provide a crucial way to measure disc masses.

arXiv comment10 pages, 7 figures, accepted to The Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (58)

• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Nonlinear Outcome of Gravitational Instability in Cooling, Gaseous Disks
• Modelling Accretion in Protobinary Systems
• SPLASH: An interactive visualisation tool for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics simulations
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Phantom: A smoothed particle hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics code for astrophysics
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• Monte Carlo radiative transfer in protoplanetary disks
• An Old Disk That Can Still Form a Planetary System
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter Mass Planets in HD 163296
• Benchmark problems for continuum radiative transfer. High optical depths, anisotropic scattering, and polarisation
• Asymmetric features in the protoplanetary disk MWC758
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• A Parametric Modeling Approach to Measuring the Gas Masses of Circumstellar Disks
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks II: Spiral Arms Observed in Scattered Light Imaging Can be Induced by Planets
• Accelerated planetesimal growth in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
• Meridional flows in the disk around a young star
• Shadows cast on the transition disk of HD 135344B. Multiwavelength VLT/SPHERE polarimetric differential imaging
• Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disc
• Circumbinary, not transitional: On the spiral arms, cavity, shadows, fast radial flows, streamers and horseshoe in the HD142527 disc
• Mass measurements in protoplanetary disks from hydrogen deuteride
• Protoplanetary disc truncation mechanisms in stellar clusters: comparing external photoevaporation and tidal encounters
• The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Planet formation signposts: observability of circumplanetary disks via gas kinematics
• Systematic Variations of CO Gas Abundance with Radius in Gas-rich Protoplanetary Disks
• Grand Design Spiral Arms in A Young Forming Circumstellar Disk
• Spiral Arms in Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disks as Imaged in Scattered Light
• Inferring Planet Mass from Spiral Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• Towards a population synthesis model of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing II: The effect of fragment-fragment interactions
• On the origin of the spiral morphology in the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disc
• Spiral Arms in Disks: Planets or Gravitational Instability?
• HD far infrared emission as a measure of protoplanetary disk mass
• Observability of planet-disc interactions in CO kinematics
• How Bright are Planet-Induced Spiral Arms in Scattered Light?
• Gas and multi-species dust dynamics in viscous protoplanetary discs: the importance of the dust back-reaction
• Spiral Structure in the Gas Disk of TW Hya
• The chemistry of protoplanetary fragments formed via gravitational instabilities
• Identifying and Analysing Protostellar Disc Fragments in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations
• MULTIGRAIN: A smoothed particle hydrodynamics algorithm for multiple small dust grains and gas
• Thermal Infrared Imaging of MWC 758 with the Large Binocular Telescope: Planetary Driven Spiral Arms?
• Is the spiral morphology of the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disc due to gravitational instability?
• Enforcing dust mass conservation in 3D simulations of tightly-coupled grains with the Phantom SPH code
• Are Elias 2-27's spiral arms driven by self-gravity, or by a companion? A comparative spiral morphology study
• Massive discs around low-mass stars
• Directly observing continuum emission from self-gravitating spiral waves
• The Planetary Luminosity Problem: "Missing Planets" and the Observational Consequences of Episodic Accretion
• The temporal requirements of directly observing self-gravitating spiral waves in protoplanetary discs with ALMA
• Fragmentation favoured in discs around higher mass stars
• TW Hya: an old protoplanetary disc revived by its planet
• The fate of formamide in a fragmenting protoplanetary disc

Cited by in corpus (34)

• A highly settled disk around Oph 163131
• Spiral Arms and a Massive Dust Disk with non-Keplerian Kinematics: Possible Evidence for Gravitational Instability in the Disk of Elias 2-27
• A dynamical measurement of the disk mass in Elias 2-27
• Dynamical mass measurements of two protoplanetary discs
• Gravitational instability in a planet-forming disk
• Reflections on nebulae around young stars: A systematic search for late-stage infall of material onto Class II disks
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification
• Distinguishing between different mechanisms of FU-Orionis-type luminosity outbursts
• Circumbinary and circumstellar discs around the eccentric binary IRAS 04158+2805 -- a testbed for binary-disc interaction
• Investigating Protoplanetary Disk Cooling through Kinematics: Analytical GI Wiggle
• Mapping the merging zone of late infall in the AB Aur planet-forming system
• The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet forming disc -- I. Analytical theory
• Binary companions triggering fragmentation in self-gravitating discs
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded planet in the IM Lupi disc
• exoALMA. XVII. Characterizing the Gas Dynamics around Dust Asymmetries
• AB Aurigae: Possible evidence of planet formation through the gravitational instability
• Characteristics of small protoplanetary disc warps in kinematic observations
• On the behaviour of eccentric sub-pc massive black hole binaries embedded in massive discs
• Improving Planet Detection with Disk Modeling: Keck/NIRC2 Imaging of the HD 34282 Single-armed Protoplanetary Disk
• Weighing protoplanetary discs with kinematics: physical model, method and benchmark
• Observational Signatures of Circumbinary Discs I: Kinematics
• Distributions of gas and small and large grains in the LkH$\alpha 330$ disk trace a young planetary system
• Locating Hidden Exoplanets in ALMA Data Using Machine Learning
• Angular momentum transport via gravitational instability in the Elias 2-27 disc
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• Kinematic Evidence of an Embedded Protoplanet in HD 142666 Identified by Machine Learning
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• Observability of the Vertical Shear Instability in protoplanetary disk CO kinematics
• Winding Motion of Spirals in a Gravitationally Unstable Protoplanetary Disk
• Constraining protoplanetary disc mass using the GI wiggle
• exoALMA XX: Tomographic Detection of Embedded Planets in Protoplanetary Disks
• The Doppler-flip in HD100546 as a disk eruption: the elephant in the room of kinematic protoplanet searches
• Gravitational instability in planet-forming discs