The effects of disk self-gravity and radiative cooling on the formation of gaps and spirals by young planets

Abstract

We have carried out two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to study the effects of disk self-gravity and radiative cooling on the formation of gaps and spirals. (1) With disk self-gravity included, we find stronger, more tightly-wound spirals and deeper gaps in more massive disks. The deeper gaps are due to the larger Angular Momentum Flux (AMF) of the waves excited in more massive disks, as expected from the linear theory. The position of the secondary gap does not change, provided that the disk is not extremely massive ($Q\gtrsim 2$). (2) With radiative cooling included, the excited spirals become monotonically more open (less tightly-wound) as the disk's cooling timescale increases. On the other hand, the amplitude and strength of the spirals decrease when the cooling time increases from a small value to $\sim 1/\Omega$, but then the amplitude starts to increase again when the cooling time continues to increase. This indicates that radiative dissipation becomes important for waves with $T_{cool}\sim$ 1. Consequently, the induced primary gap is narrower and the secondary gap becomes significantly shallower when the cooling time becomes $\sim 1/\Omega$. When the secondary gap is present, the position of it moves to the inner disk from the fast cooling cases to the slow cooling cases. The dependence of gap properties on the cooling timescale (e.g. in AS 209) provides a new way to constrain the disk optical depth and thus disk surface density.

arXiv comment21 pages, 15 figures, accepted by MNRAS

References in corpus (55)

• The NumPy array: a structure for efficient numerical computation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Nonlinear Outcome of Gravitational Instability in Cooling, Gaseous Disks
• Planet-disk interaction and orbital evolution
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• A Kinematical Detection of Two Embedded Jupiter Mass Planets in HD 163296
• Planetary Torques as the Viscosity of Protoplanetary Disks
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Gaps Opened by Single and Multiple Young Planets in Disks
• On the corotation torque in a radiatively inefficient disk
• The Structure of Spiral Shocks Excited by Planetary-mass Companions
• Mass Estimates of a Giant Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk from the Gap Structures
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Planet migration and gap formation by tidally-induced shocks
• Two-Component Secular Gravitational Instability in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Possible Mechanism for Creating Ring-Like Structures
• On the wake generated by a planet in a disc
• Type I planetary migration in a self-gravitating disk
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• Mass constraint for a planet in a protoplanetary disk from the gap width
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Density Distribution and Imaging Analysis of Different Ice Lines in Protoplanetary Disks
• Self-induced dust traps: overcoming planet formation barriers
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Imaging diagnostics for transitional discs
• Planet-driven spiral arms in protoplanetary disks: I. Formation mechanism
• Density Waves Excited by Low-Mass Planets in Protoplanetary Disks II: High-Resolution Simulations of the Nonlinear Regime
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - II. Dust concentration
• Scattered light images of spiral arms in marginally gravitationally unstable discs with an embedded planet
• Spiral arms in the proto-planetary disc HD100453 detected with ALMA: evidence for binary-disc interaction and a vertical temperature gradient
• Density Waves Excited by Low-Mass Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Linear Regime
• Planet-driven spiral arms in protoplanetary disks: II. Implications
• Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Program (DSHARP): VIII. The Rich Ringed Substructures in the AS 209 Disk
• The First Detection of 13C17O in a Protoplanetary Disk: a Robust Tracer of Disk Gas Mass
• Gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations of massive lopsided transition discs - I. Gas distribution
• Vortex and spiral instabilities at gap edges in three-dimensional self-gravitating disc-satellite simulations
• New Constraints From Dust Lines On The Surface Densities Of Protoplanetary Disks
• On the planetary interpretation of multiple gaps and rings in protoplanetary disks seen by ALMA
• Edge modes in self-gravitating disc-planet interactions
• Spiral arms in thermally stratified protoplanetary discs
• Multiple Spiral Arms in Protoplanetary Disks: Linear Theory
• Two-Stream Instability of Counter-Rotating Galaxies
• The origin of the negative torque density in disk-satellite interaction
• How does disk gravity really influence type-I migration ?
• One-armed spirals in locally isothermal, radially structured self-gravitating discs
• Properties of Density and Velocity Gaps Induced by a Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Envelopes of embedded super-Earths I. Two-dimensional simulations
• A Tight Relation between Spiral Arm Pitch Angle and Protoplanetary Disk Mass

Cited by in corpus (35)

• Empirical constraints on turbulence in proto-planetary discs
• Spiral Arms and a Massive Dust Disk with non-Keplerian Kinematics: Possible Evidence for Gravitational Instability in the Disk of Elias 2-27
• Annular substructures in the transition disks around LkCa 15 and J1610
• Gravitational instability in a planet-forming disk
• Observational Signatures of Tightly Wound Spirals Driven by Buoyancy Resonances in Protoplanetary Disks
• Gaps and Rings in Protoplanetary Disks with Realistic Thermodynamics: The Critical Role of In-Plane Radiation Transport
• Puffed up Edges of Planet-opened Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks. I. hydrodynamic simulations
• Importance of radiative effects in gap opening by planets in protoplanetary disks
• Survival of planet-induced vortices in 2D disks
• Modeling planet-induced gaps and rings in ALMA disks: the role of in-plane radiative diffusion
• Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics with PLUTO: Tests and applications to protoplanetary disks
• How cooling influences circumbinary discs
• Observing planet-driven dust spirals with ALMA
• On the Role of Gas Cooling in the Dynamics of Circumbinary Disks
• Thermal evolution of protoplanetary disks: from $\beta$-cooling to decoupled gas and dust temperatures
• Morphological signatures induced by dust back reaction in discs with an embedded planet
• Exciting spiral arms in protoplanetary discs from flybys
• A recipe for orbital eccentricity damping in the type-I regime for low viscosity 2D-discs
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• DBNets: A publicly available deep learning tool to measure the masses of young planets in dusty protoplanetary discs
• Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks Driven by an Eccentric Instability
• Testing velocity kinks as a planet-detection method: Do velocity kinks in surface gas emission trace planetary spiral wakes in the midplane continuum?
• Global Spiral Density Wave Modes in Protoplanetary Disks: Morphology of Spiral Arms
• Imaging the Dusty Substructures due to Terrestrial Planets in Planet-forming Disks with ALMA and the Next Generation Very Large Array
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• Three-dimensional evolution of radiative circumbinary discs: the size and shape of the inner cavity
• JWST captures a sudden stellar outburst and inner disk wall destruction
• The late formation of chondrites as a consequence of Jupiter-induced gaps and rings
• Effects of Thermodynamics on the Concurrent Accretion and Migration of Gas Giants in Protoplanetary Disks
• Searching for planet-driven dust spirals in ALMA visibilities
• Brightness variability in polar circumbinary disks
• How two-dimensional are planet-disc interactions? II. Radiation hydrodynamics and suitable cooling prescriptions
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature structures in spiral arms
• Planet-driven density waves in protoplanetary discs: numerical verification of nonlinear evolution theory
• $\alpha \beta q_{\mathrm{th}}$-mapping of planet-induced density wave damping in protoplanetary discs