DBNets: A publicly available deep learning tool to measure the masses of young planets in dusty protoplanetary discs

Abstract

Current methods to characterize embedded planets in protoplanetary disc observations are severely limited either in their ability to fully account for the observed complex physics or in their computational and time costs. To address this shortcoming, we developed DBNets: a deep learning tool, based on convolutional neural networks, that analyses substructures observed in the dust continuum emission of protoplanetary discs to quickly infer the mass of allegedly embedded planets. We focussed on developing a method to reliably quantify not only the planet mass, but also the associated uncertainty introduced by our modelling and adopted techniques. Our tests gave promising results achieving an 87% reduction of the log Mp mean squared error with respect to an analytical formula fitted on the same data (DBNets metrics: lmse 0.016, r2-score 97%). With the goal of providing the final user of DBNets with all the tools needed to interpret their measurements and decide on their significance, we extensively tested our tool on out-of-distribution data. We found that DBNets can identify inputs strongly outside its training scope returning an uncertainty above a specific threshold and we thus provided a rejection criterion that helps determine the significance of the results obtained. Additionally, we outlined some limitations of our tool: it can be reliably applied only on discs observed with inclinations below approximately 60°, in the optically thin regime, with a resolution 8 times better than the gap radial location and with a signal-to-noise ratio higher than approximately ten. Finally, we applied DBNets to 33 actual observations of protoplanetary discs measuring the mass of 48 proposed planets and comparing our results with the available literature. We confirmed that most of the observed gaps imply planets in the sub-Jupiter regime. DBNets is publicly available at dbnets.fisica.unimi.it.

References in corpus (76)

• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• A comparative study of disc-planet interaction
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): V. Interpreting ALMA maps of protoplanetary disks in terms of a dust model
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• On planet formation in HL Tau
• FARGO3D: A new GPU-oriented MHD code
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disc
• Two-Component Secular Gravitational Instability in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Possible Mechanism for Creating Ring-Like Structures
• Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation
• ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209. Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet
• Nine localised deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: Kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
• Images of Embedded Jovian Planet Formation At A Wide Separation Around AB Aurigae
• Particle Concentration At Planet Induced Gap Edges and Vortices: I. Inviscid 3-D Hydro Disks
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Mass constraint for a planet in a protoplanetary disk from the gap width
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Dust Density Distribution and Imaging Analysis of Different Ice Lines in Protoplanetary Disks
• Asymptotically stable numerical method for multispecies momentum transfer: gas and multifluid-dust test suite and implementation in FARGO3D
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
• Global MHD Simulations of Cylindrical Keplerian Disks
• Modeling Dust Emission of HL Tau Disk Based on Planet-Disk Interactions
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• Dust unveils the formation of a mini-Neptune planet in a protoplanetary ring
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• High resolution millimetre imaging of the CI Tau protoplanetary disc - a massive ensemble of protoplanets from 0.1 - 100 au
• A multi-frequency ALMA characterization of substructures in the GM Aur protoplanetary disk
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Gaps, rings, and non-axisymmetric structures in protoplanetary disks - Emission from large grains
• A gap in the planetesimal disc around HD 107146 and asymmetric warm dust emission revealed by ALMA
• Kinematic detections of protoplanets: a Doppler-flip in the disk of HD100546
• ALMA images of discs: are all gaps carved by planets?
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• A new planet candidate detected in a dust gap of the disc around HD 163296 through localised kinematic signatures. An observational validation of the Discminer
• Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks
• Annular substructures in the transition disks around LkCa 15 and J1610
• Dust traps in the protoplanetary disc MWC 758: two vortices produced by two giant planets?
• Gas and multi-species dust dynamics in viscous protoplanetary discs: the importance of the dust back-reaction
• An Ensemble of Bayesian Neural Networks for Exoplanetary Atmospheric Retrieval
• Diverse protoplanetary disk morphology produced by a Jupiter-mass planet
• Blobs, spiral arms, and a possible planet around HD 169142
• Modeling protoplanetary disk SEDs with artificial neural networks: Revisiting the viscous disk model and updated disk masses
• V1094 Sco: a rare giant multi-ringed disk around a T Tauri star
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. III. The frequency of brown dwarfs and giant planets as companions to solar-type stars
• Predicting the observational signature of migrating Neptune-sized planets in low-viscosity disks
• The effects of disk self-gravity and radiative cooling on the formation of gaps and spirals by young planets
• Gaps and Rings in Protoplanetary Disks with Realistic Thermodynamics: The Critical Role of In-Plane Radiation Transport
• Large-scale CO spiral arms and complex kinematics associated with the T Tauri star RU Lup
• Revealing signatures of planets migrating in protoplanetary discs with ALMA multi-wavelength observations
• Structure Formation in a Young Protoplanetary Disk by a Magnetic Disk Wind
• Long lived dust rings around HD169142
• Constraining planetesimal stirring: how sharp are debris disc edges?
• ALMA Observations of the Asymmetric Dust Disk around DM Tau
• Mapping the Planetary Wake in HD 163296 with Kinematics
• PPDONet: Deep Operator Networks for Fast Prediction of Steady-State Solutions in Disk-Planet Systems
• Gap and rings carved by vortices in protoplanetary dust
• Analysing the SEDs of protoplanetary disks with machine learning
• The detection of dust gap-ring structure in the outer region of the CR Cha protoplanetary disk
• PGNets: Planet mass prediction using convolutional neural networks for radio continuum observations of protoplanetary disks
• A Machine Learning model to infer planet masses from gaps observed in protoplanetary disks
• DPNNet-2.0 Part I: Finding hidden planets from simulated images of protoplanetary disk gaps
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA I: mass of the possible planets embedded in the dust gap
• Do all gaps in protoplanetary discs host planets?
• Locating Hidden Exoplanets in ALMA Data Using Machine Learning
• Substructures in protoplanetary disks imprinted by compact planetary systems
• The Magnetic Field versus Density relation in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds

Cited by in corpus (8)

• exoALMA IV: Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission
• A high-resolution survey of protoplanetary disks in Lupus and the nature of compact disks
• A young gas giant and hidden substructures in a protoplanetary disk
• DBNets2.0: simulation-based inference for planet-induced dust substructures in protoplanetary discs
• Multi-frequency analysis of the ALMA and VLA high resolution continuum observations of the substructured disc around CI Tau. Preference for sub-mm-sized low-porosity amorphous carbon grains
• Hidden under a warm blanket: If planets existed in protostellar disks, they would hardly produce observable substructures
• Protoplanetary disk insights from the first ERIS/APP survey at 4 μm
• exoALMA XXIII. Estimating Disk and Planet Properties from Dust Morphologies with DBNets2.0