V1094 Sco: a rare giant multi-ringed disk around a T Tauri star

Abstract

A wide variety of ring-like dust structures has been detected in protoplanetary disks, but their origin and frequency are still unclear. We characterize the structure of an extended, multi-ringed disk discovered serendipitously in the ALMA Lupus disk survey and put it in the context of the Lupus disk population. ALMA observations in Band 6 at 234 GHz and Band 7 at 328 GHz at 0.3" resolution toward the K6 star V1094 Sco in Lupus III are presented, and its disk structure is analyzed. The spectral index ${\alpha }_{mm}$ is determined in the inner 150 AU of the disk. The ALMA continuum data show a very extended disk with two gap/ring pairs. The gaps are located at 100 AU and 170 AU, the bright rings at 130 AU and 220 AU. Continuum emission is detected out to a 300 AU distance, similar to IM Lup but a factor of 5 larger than typically found for Lupus disks at this sensitivity and resolution. The bright central region of the disk (within 35 AU) is possibly optically thick at 1 mm wavelengths, and has a brightness temperature of only 13 K. The spectral index increases between the inner disk and the first ring, at the location of the first gap. Due to the low temperature of the disk midplane, snow lines can be excluded as the drivers behind the ring and gap formation in this disk. Disks the size of V1094 Sco are rare, and only 2.1+-1.5% of disks in Lupus show continuum emission beyond 200 AU. Possible connections between the large primordial disk population, transition disks, and exoplanets are discussed.

arXiv comment12 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

References in corpus (47)

• Gaia Data Release 2. Summary of the contents and survey properties
• Estimating distances from parallaxes IV: Distances to 1.33 billion stars in Gaia Data Release 2
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Resolved Images of Large Cavities in Protoplanetary Transition Disks
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks I: Dust and Gas Masses
• Ringed Substructure and a Gap at 1 AU in the Nearest Protoplanetary Disk
• On the Submillimeter Opacity of Protoplanetary Disks
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects in Lupus: Accretion properties of class II and transitional objects
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• Protoplanetary Disk Structures in Ophiuchus II: Extension to Fainter Sources
• X-Shooter spectroscopy of young stellar objects: IV -- Accretion in low-mass stars and sub-stellar objects in Lupus
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii
• Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets
• Accretion in the Rho-Oph pre-main sequence stars
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Sintering-induced Dust Ring Formation in Protoplanetary Disks: Application to the HL Tau Disk
• The warm gas atmosphere of the HD 100546 disk seen by Herschel (Evidence of a gas-rich, carbon-poor atmosphere?)
• ALMA unveils rings and gaps in the protoplanetary system HD 169142: signatures of two giant protoplanets
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• Survival of molecular gas in cavities of transition disks (I. CO)
• A search for evolved dust in Herbig Ae stars
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Two-Component Secular Gravitational Instability in a Protoplanetary Disk: A Possible Mechanism for Creating Ring-Like Structures
• ALMA continuum observations of the protoplanetary disk AS 209. Evidence of multiple gaps opened by a single planet
• CO and dust properties in the TW Hya disk from high-resolution ALMA observations
• A Multi-Ringed, Modestly-Inclined Protoplanetary Disk around AA Tau
• Physical properties of dusty protoplanetary disks in Lupus: evidence for viscous evolution?
• ALMA hints at the presence of two companions in the disk around HD 100546
• Testing the theory of grain growth and fragmentation by millimeter observations of protoplanetary disks
• New insights into the nature of transition disks from a complete disk survey of the Lupus star forming region
• Direct imaging of the water snow line at the time of planet formation using two ALMA continuum bands
• On the Commonality of 10-30AU Sized Axisymmetric Dust Structures in Protoplanetary Disks
• Rings and gaps in the disc around Elias 24 revealed by ALMA
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• Testing particle trapping in transition disks with ALMA
• The SEEDS High Contrast Imaging Survey of Exoplanets around Young Stellar Objects
• Characterizing TW Hydra
• ALMA reveals the anatomy of the mm-sized dust and molecular gas in the HD 97048 disk
• ALMA Measurements of Circumstellar Material in the GQ Lup System
• Dust properties across the CO snowline in the HD 163296 disk from ALMA and VLA observations
• ALMA observations of Elias 2-24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud
• The properties of the inner disk around HL Tau: Multi-wavelength modeling of the dust emission
• Millimeter Dust Emission in the GQ Lup System
• Identification of new transitional disk candidates in Lupus with Herschel
• The T Tauri star RXJ1608.6-3922 - not an eclipsing binary but a spotted single star
• Detection of Strong Millimeter Emission from the Circumstellar Dust Disk Around V1094 Sco: Cold and Massive Disk around a T Tauri Star in a Quiescent Accretion Phase?

Cited by in corpus (50)

• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Observations of Protoplanetary Disk Structures
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. A Statistical Characterization of Class 0 and I Protostellar Disks
• Compact Disks in a High Resolution ALMA Survey of Dust Structures in the Taurus Molecular Cloud
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• The time evolution of dusty protoplanetary disc radii: observed and physical radii differ
• Methanol and its relation to the water snowline in the disk around the young outbursting star V883 Ori
• Observed sizes of planet-forming disks trace viscous evolution
• Disks Around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S) II: Twenty-one new polarimetric images of young stellar disks
• High gas/dust size ratio indicating efficient radial drift in the mm-faint CX Tau disk
• MINDS. Abundant water and varying C/O across the disk of Sz 98 as seen by JWST/MIRI
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• Chemically tracing the water snowline in protoplanetary disks with HCO${}^{+}$
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• Disk masses in the Orion Molecular Cloud-2: distinguishing time and environment
• Demographics of disks around young very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in Lupus
• The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA
• Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2
• Reference-star differential imaging on SPHERE/IRDIS
• Dual-Wavelength ALMA Observations of Dust Rings in Protoplanetary Disks
• ALMA Survey of Lupus Class III Stars: Early Planetesimal Belt Formation and Rapid Disk Dispersal
• The ALMA Lupus protoplanetary disk survey: evidence for compact gas disks and molecular rings from CN
• Solving grain size inconsistency between ALMA polarization and VLA continuum in the Ophiuchus IRS 48 protoplanetary disk
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) I: Cloud-level demographics of 873 protoplanetary disks
• Dynamical stellar masses of pre-main sequence stars in Lupus and Taurus obtained with ALMA surveys in comparison with stellar evolutionary models
• Searching for proto-planets with MUSE
• Early planet formation in embedded protostellar disks: Setting the stage for the first generation of planetesimals
• A high-resolution survey of protoplanetary disks in Lupus and the nature of compact disks
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• On the Dust Signatures Induced by Eccentric Super-Earths in Protoplanetary Disks
• Properties of Density and Velocity Gaps Induced by a Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk
• Testing protoplanetary disc evolution with CO fluxes. A proof of concept in Lupus and Upper Sco
• DBNets: A publicly available deep learning tool to measure the masses of young planets in dusty protoplanetary discs
• No evidence of the significant grain growth but tentative discovery of disk substructure in a disk around the Class I Protostar L1489 IRS
• CO isotopolog line fluxes of viscously evolving disks: cold CO conversion insufficient to explain observed low fluxes
• ALMA observations of the early stages of substellar formation in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• DBNets2.0: simulation-based inference for planet-induced dust substructures in protoplanetary discs
• A complete Herbig disk mass survey in Orion
• Linear Analysis of the Nonaxisymmetric Secular Gravitational Instability
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• exoALMA XXIII. Estimating Disk and Planet Properties from Dust Morphologies with DBNets2.0
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk