ALMA observations of Elias 2-24: a protoplanetary disk with multiple gaps in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud

Abstract

We present ALMA 1.3 mm continuum observations at 0.2" (25 au) resolution of Elias 2-24, one of the largest and brightest protoplanetary disks in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud, and report the presence of three partially resolved concentric gaps located at ~20, 52, and 87 au from the star. We perform radiative transfer modeling of the disk to constrain its surface density and temperature radial profile and place the disk structure in the context of mechanisms capable of forming narrow gaps such as condensation fronts and dynamical clearing by actively forming planets. In particular, we estimate the disk temperature at the locations of the gaps to be 23, 15, and 12 K (at 20, 52, and 87 au respectively), very close to the expected snow-lines of CO (23-28 K) and N2 (12-15 K). Similarly, by assuming that the widths of the gaps correspond to 4-8 x the Hill radii of forming planets (as suggested by numerical simulations), we estimate planet masses in the range of 0.2-1.5 M_Jup, 1.0-8.0 M_Jup, and 0.02-0.15 M_Jup for the inner, middle, and outer gap, respectively. Given the surface density profile of the disk, the amount of "missing mass" at the location of each one of these gaps (between 4 and 20 M_Jup) is more than sufficient to account for the formation of such planets.

Accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

References in corpus (10)

• Accretion in the Rho-Oph pre-main sequence stars
• Spiral Density Waves in a Young Protoplanetary Disk
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Imaging the water-snow line during a protostellar outburst
• LkH$\alpha$ 330: Evidence for dust clearing through resolved submillimeter imaging
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth
• Thermal desorption of circumstellar and cometary ice analogs
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• An opening criterion for dust gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Dust-trapping vortices and a potentially planet-triggered spiral wake in the pre-transitional disk of V1247 Orionis

Cited by in corpus (19)

• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• A gap in HD 92945's broad planetesimal disc revealed by ALMA
• Radial variations in grain sizes and dust scale heights in the protoplanetary disk around HD 163296 revealed by ALMA polarization observation
• Dual-Wavelength ALMA Observations of Dust Rings in Protoplanetary Disks
• Solving grain size inconsistency between ALMA polarization and VLA continuum in the Ophiuchus IRS 48 protoplanetary disk
• Pebble accretion in class 0/I YSOs as a possible pathway for early planet formation
• Effects of Ringed Structures and Dust Size Growth on Millimeter Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• A search for companions via direct imaging in the DSHARP planet-forming disks
• Eccentric gap induced by a super-Jupiter mass planet
• On the Dust Signatures Induced by Eccentric Super-Earths in Protoplanetary Disks
• An asymmetric dust ring around a very low mass star ZZ Tau IRS
• Kinematic and thermal signatures of the directly imaged protoplanet candidate around Elias 2-24
• Regularized Maximum Likelihood Image Synthesis and Validation for ALMA Continuum Observations of Protoplanetary Disks
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• Architecture of planetary systems predicted from protoplanetary disks observed with ALMA I: mass of the possible planets embedded in the dust gap
• CAMPOS II. The onset of protostellar disk substructures and planet formation
• ALMA observation of the protoplanetary disk around WW Cha: faint double-peaked ring and asymmetric structure
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): A Unified Evolutionary Sequence of Planet-Driven Substructures Explaining the Diversity of Disk Morphologies
• Searching for Embedded Protoplanets with the Keck/NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph: Confirmation of a Core-accretion Planet in the Narrow Gap of the Elias 2-24 Disk