The mass and size of Herbig disks as seen by ALMA

Abstract

Many population studies have been performed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to understand the bulk properties of protoplanetary disks around young stars. The studied populations mostly consisted of G, K & M stars, with relatively few more massive Herbig stars. With GAIA updated distances, now is a good time to use ALMA archival data for a Herbig disk population study and take an important step forward in our understanding of planet formation. This work determines the masses and sizes of all Herbig dust disks observed with ALMA to date out to 450 pc. These masses and sizes are put into context of the Lupus and Upper Sco T Tauri disk populations. ALMA Band 6 and Band 7 archival data of 36 Herbig stars are used, making this work 64% complete excluding Orion. Using stellar parameters and distances the dust masses and sizes of the disks are determined and survival analysis is used to make cumulative distributions of the dust masses and radii. Herbig disks have a higher dust mass than the T Tauri disk populations of Lupus and Upper Sco by factors of $\sim 3$ and $\sim 7$ respectively. In addition, Herbig disks are often larger than the typical T Tauri disk. Although the masses and sizes of Herbig disks extend over a similar range as those of T Tauri disks, the distributions of masses and sizes of Herbig disks are significantly skewed toward higher values. Lastly, group I disks are more massive than group II disks. Based on these findings we speculate that these differences between Herbig and T Tauri disks find their origin in an initial disk mass that scales with the stellar mass, and that subsequent disk evolution enlarges the observable differences, especially if (sub)mm continuum optical depth plays a role. Moreover, the larger disk masses and sizes of Herbig stars could be linked to the increasing prevalence of giant planets with host star mass.

Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 17 pages, 11 figures, plus appendices

References in corpus (53)

• Array Programming with NumPy
• Direct Imaging of Multiple Planets Orbiting the Star HR 8799
• Gas- and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Southern Sample
• A Steeper than Linear Disk Mass-Stellar Mass Scaling Relation
• A New Planet Around an M Dwarf: Revealing a Correlation Between Exoplanets and Stellar Mass
• Shadows and spirals in the protoplanetary disk HD 100453
• A Millimeter Continuum Size-Luminosity Relationship for Protoplanetary Disks
• One Solution to the Mass Budget Problem for Planet Formation: Optically Thick Disks with Dust Scattering
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• The Coupled Physical Structure of Gas and Dust in the IM Lup Protoplanetary Disk
• Evolution of emission line activity in intermediate mass young stars
• ALMA hints at the presence of two companions in the disk around HD 100546
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA)-III: the evolution of substructures in massive discs at 3-5 au resolution
• Submillimeter polarization observation of the protoplanetary disk around HD 142527
• The accretion rates and mechanisms of Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Measurement of Circumstellar Disk Sizes in the Upper Scorpius OB Association with ALMA
• Spectroscopic analysis of southern B and Be stars
• A stellar mass dependence of structured disks: a possible link with exoplanet demographics
• A cavity and further radial substructures in the disk around HD~97048
• Circumstellar disks around Herbig Be stars
• The Ophiuchus DIsk Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA): Disk Dust Mass Distributions across Protostellar Evolutionary Classes
• The young population of the Chamaeleon II dark cloud
• ALMA survey of Class II protoplanetary disks in Corona Australis: a young region with low disk masses
• Spiral arms in the proto-planetary disc HD100453 detected with ALMA: evidence for binary-disc interaction and a vertical temperature gradient
• Homogeneous study of Herbig Ae/Be stars from spectral energy distributions and Gaia EDR3
• Dust-trapping vortices and a potentially planet-triggered spiral wake in the pre-transitional disk of V1247 Orionis
• Bridging the gap between protoplanetary and debris disks: separate evolution of millimeter and micrometer-sized dust
• Multi-wavelength continuum sizes of protoplanetary discs: scaling relations and implications for grain growth and radial drift
• Catalogue of new Herbig Ae/Be and classical Be stars. A machine learning approach to Gaia DR2
• Vortices and spirals in the HD135344B transition disk
• Hints on the origins of particle traps in protoplanetary disks given by the $M_{\mathrm{dust}}-M_{\star }$ relation
• Measuring the ratio of the gas and dust emission radii of protoplanetary disks in the Lupus star-forming region
• A dust and gas cavity in the disc around CQ Tau revealed by ALMA
• Protoplanetary Disk Masses from Radiative Transfer Modeling: A Case Study in Taurus
• Protoplanetary disk masses in NGC 2024: Evidence for two populations
• SPHERE dynamical and spectroscopic characterization of HD142527B
• A highly non-Keplerian protoplanetary disc: Spiral structure in the gas disc of CQ Tau
• A 80 au cavity in the disk around HD 34282
• An ALMA Survey of Protoplanetary Disks in Lynds 1641
• Optical spectroscopy of close companions to nearby Herbig Ae/Be and T Tauri stars
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• ALMA 870 $\mu$m continuum observations of HD 100546. Evidence of a giant planet on a wide orbit
• The Pan-Pacific Planet Search. VIII. Complete results and the occurrence rate of planets around low-luminosity giants
• HD 97048's Circumstellar Environment as Revealed by a HST/ACS Coronagraphic Study of Disk Candidate Stars
• What happened before? -- The disks around the precursors of young Herbig Ae/Be stars
• Non-Keplerian spirals, a gas-pressure dust trap and an eccentric gas cavity in the circumbinary disc around HD 142527
• Binary-induced spiral arms inside the disc cavity of AB Aurigae
• The Architecture of the V892 Tau System: the Binary and its Circumbinary Disk
• An evolved disk surrounding the massive main sequence star MWC 297?
• The California Legacy Survey II. Occurrence of Giant Planets Beyond the Ice line
• Investigating the nature of the extended structure around the Herbig star RCrA using integral field and high-resolution spectroscopy
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks

Cited by in corpus (28)

• Transition disks: the observational revolution from SEDs to imaging
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. The demographics of forming planets embedded in protoplanetary disks
• Investigating the asymmetric chemistry in the disk around the young star HD 142527
• Observed polarized scattered light phase functions of planet-forming disks
• Relation between metallicities and spectral energy distributions of Herbig Ae/Be stars. A potential link with planet formation
• The Formation of Protoplanetary Disks through Pre-Main Sequence Bondi-Hoyle Accretion
• Efficient Dust Radial Drift Around Young Intermediate-mass Stars
• What does a typical full-disc around a post-AGB binary look like? -- Radiative transfer models reproducing PIONIER, GRAVITY, and MATISSE data
• A dichotomy in group II Herbig disks: ALMA gas disk height measurements show both shadowed large vertically extended disks and compact flat disks
• Origin and Evolution of Angular Momentum of Class II Disks
• X-Shooter Survey of Young Intermediate Mass Stars -- I. Stellar Characterization and Disc Evolution
• An SMA Survey of Chemistry in Disks around Herbig AeBe Stars
• Vertical CO surfaces as a probe for protoplanetary disk mass and carbon depletion
• Infall and Disk Processes - the Message from Meteorites
• Intermediate mass T Tauri disk masses and a comparison to their Herbig disk descendants
• Accretion bursts in young intermediate-mass stars make planet formation challenging
• XUE. JWST spectroscopy of externally irradiated disks around young intermediate-mass stars
• A complete Herbig disk mass survey in Orion
• Multi-wavelength Observations of MWC 297: Constraints on Disk Inclination and Mass Outflow
• Identification and parameter determination of F-type Herbig stars from LAMOST DR8
• ALMA detections of circumstellar disks in the giant Hii region M17. Probing the intermediate- to high-mass pre-main-sequence population
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• Intermediate-mass stars and the origin of the gas-giant planet-metallicity correlation
• Evolution of the Accretion Rate of Young Intermediate Mass Stars: Implications for Disk Evolution and Planet Formation
• Resolving the large exoKuiper belt of the HD 126062 debris disc and extended gas emission in its vicinity
• HD 44892: The youngest (or oldest?) gas-harbouring debris disc around an intermediate mass star
• Identification and spectroscopic characterization of 128 new Herbig stars