Reading between the rings: observed dust ring properties as probes of planet masses

Abstract

We hypothesise that dust rings in protoplanetary discs formed by an embedded planet should have properties that reflect the planet's mass. We use 2D hydrodynamical simulations of planet-disc interactions to investigate this, focusing on planets ranging 0.5-2.0x the pebble-isolation mass, for three different aspect ratios. We find the ring's dust mass, peak location, and width to correlate with planet mass. We confirm a positive linear relationship between a planet's Hill radius and the location of a ring's density peak and demonstrate how this relationship can be used to constrain planet masses in observed systems by applying it to PDS 70. The dust ring width and mass change with planet mass for planet masses up to the pebble-isolation mass, beyond which they become constant. The steepness of the gas pressure radial profile is asymmetric, with the direction of the asymmetry being determined by whether the planet mass is above or below the pebble-isolation mass. We therefore propose a new way to define the pebble-isolation mass: the minimum planet mass which perturbs the gas enough for the pressure gradient interior to the pressure maximum to exceed the pressure gradient exterior to it. We discuss how our findings could be used to constrain or estimate planet masses from gas or dust observations of discs with measurable substructures and apply our results to 5 discs in the exoALMA sample to estimate planet masses and constrain disc aspect ratios. We also discuss how the potential for planetesimal formation in a ring varies with planet mass.

arXiv comment20 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (45)

• Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): II. Characteristics of Annular Substructures
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Ring shaped dust accumulation in transition disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) VI: Dust trapping in thin-ringed protoplanetary disks
• Gaps, Rings, and Non-Axisymmetric Structures in Protoplanetary Disks - From Simulations to ALMA Observations
• Evidence of fast pebble growth near condensation fronts in the HL Tau protoplanetary disk
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• Kinematic evidence for an embedded protoplanet in a circumstellar disc
• FARGO3D: A new GPU-oriented MHD code
• The great dichotomy of the Solar System: small terrestrial embryos and massive giant planet cores
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Dynamics of pebbles in the vicinity of a growing planetary embryo: hydro-dynamical simulations
• The minimum mass of detectable planets in protoplanetary discs and the derivation of planetary masses from high resolution observations
• Particle Concentration At Planet Induced Gap Edges and Vortices: I. Inviscid 3-D Hydro Disks
• Thresholds for Particle Clumping by the Streaming Instability
• The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
• Mass constraint for a planet in a protoplanetary disk from the gap width
• Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
• Self-induced dust traps: overcoming planet formation barriers
• How much does turbulence change the pebble isolation mass for planet formation?
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• The formation of Jupiter by hybrid pebble-planetesimal accretion
• Keck/NIRC2 $L$'-Band Imaging of Jovian-Mass Accreting Protoplanets around PDS 70
• ALMA images of discs: are all gaps carved by planets?
• Evidence For A Vertical Dependence on the Pressure Structure in AS 209
• Spontaneous ring formation in wind-emitting accretion discs
• Hydro-, Magnetohydro-, and Dust-Gas Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks
• Is the ring inside or outside the planet?: The effect of planet migration on dust rings
• Azimuthal and Vertical Streaming Instability at High Dust-to-gas Ratios and on the Scales of Planetesimal Formation
• Impacts of dust feedback on a dust ring induced by a planet in a protoplanetary disk
• exoALMA III: Line-intensity Modeling and System Property Extraction from Protoplanetary Disks
• exoALMA V: Gaseous Emission Surfaces and Temperature Structures
• exoALMA IV: Substructures, Asymmetries, and the Faint Outer Disk in Continuum Emission
• The Spiral Wave Instability Induced by a Giant Planet: I. Particle Stirring in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks
• exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
• Sequential giant planet formation initiated by disc substructure
• Inner disc and circumplanetary material in the PDS 70 system
• Keplerian motion of a compact source orbiting the inner disc of PDS 70: a third protoplanet in resonance with b and c?
• DBNets2.0: simulation-based inference for planet-induced dust substructures in protoplanetary discs