Frankenstein: Protoplanetary disc brightness profile reconstruction at sub-beam resolution with a rapid Gaussian process

Abstract

Interferometric observations of the mm dust distribution in protoplanetary discs are now showing a ubiquity of annular gap and ring substructures. Their identification and accurate characterization is critical to probing the physical processes responsible. We present Frankenstein (frank), an open source code that recovers axisymmetric disc structures at sub-beam resolution. By fitting the visibilities directly, the model reconstructs a disc's 1D radial brightness profile nonparametrically using a fast (<~1 min) Gaussian process. The code avoids limitations of current methods that obtain the radial brightness profile by either extracting it from the disc image via nonlinear deconvolution at the cost of reduced fit resolution, or by assumptions placed on the functional forms of disc structures to fit the visibilities parametrically. We use mock ALMA observations to quantify the method's intrinsic capability and its performance as a function of baseline-dependent signal-to-noise. Comparing the technique to profile extraction from a CLEAN image, we motivate how our fits accurately recover disc structures at a sub-beam resolution. Demonstrating the model's utility in fitting real high and moderate resolution observations, we conclude by proposing applications to address open questions on protoplanetary disc structure and processes.

27 pages, 17 figures, accepted in MNRAS

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• Size and structures of disks around very low mass stars in the Taurus star-forming region
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• A dusty origin for the correlation between protoplanetary disc accretion rates and dust masses
• Dust Traps and the Formation of Cavities in Transition Discs: A millimetre to sub-millimetre comparison survey
• Observing planet-driven dust spirals with ALMA
• Investigating the Future Potential of an Upgraded ALMA to Image Planet Forming Disks at Sub-au Scales
• A multiwavelength analysis of the spiral arms in the protoplanetary disk around WaOph 6
• Collision rates of planetesimals near mean-motion resonances