Songlines from Direct Collapse Seed Black Holes: Effects of X-rays on Black Hole Growth and Stellar Populations

Abstract

In the last decade, the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) has been intricately linked to galaxy formation and evolution and is a key ingredient in the assembly of galaxies. To investigate the origin of SMBHs, we perform cosmological simulations that target the direct collapse black hole (DCBH) seed formation scenario in the presence of two different strong Lyman-Werner (LW) background fields. These simulations include the X-ray irradiation from a central massive black hole (MBH), ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ self-shielding and stellar feedback from metal-free and metal-enriched stars. We find in both simulations that local X-ray feedback induces metal-free star formation $\sim 0.5$ Myr after the MBH forms. The MBH accretion rate reaches a maximum of $10^{-3}$ $M_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$ in both simulations. However, the duty cycle differs which is derived to be $6\%$ and $50\%$ for high and low LW cases, respectively. The MBH in the high LW case grows only $\sim 6\%$ in 100 Myr compared to $16\%$ in the low LW case. We find that the maximum accretion rate is determined by the local gas thermodynamics whereas the duty cycle is determined by the large scale gas dynamics and gas reservoir. We conclude that radiative feedback from the central MBH plays an important role in star formation in the nuclear regions and stifling initial MBH growth, relative to the typical Eddington rate argument, and that initial MBH growth might be affected by the local LW radiation field.

arXiv comment8 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ, with minor changes to submitted version

References in corpus (41)

• Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• A Multi-Code Analysis Toolkit for Astrophysical Simulation Data
• The Assembly and Merging History of Supermassive Black Holes in Hierarchical Models of Galaxy Formation
• Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics
• Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II: Discovery of Three Additional Quasars at z>6
• Structure of Stationary Photodissociation Fronts
• Modelling Primordial Gas in Numerical Cosmology
• The Birth of a Galaxy: Primordial Metal Enrichment and Stellar Populations
• A Survey of z>5.7 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV: Discovery of Seven Additional Quasars
• Diagnostics of irradiated gas in galaxy nuclei. I: A Far-ultraviolet and X-ray dominated region code
• Rapid growth of high redshift black holes
• Missing Link Found? --- The ``runaway'' path to supermassive black holes
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation by Direct Collapse: Keeping Protogalactic Gas H_2--Free in Dark Matter Halos with Virial Temperatures T_vir >~ 10^4 K
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. III. Feedback from the First Stars
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner Background: Close Halo Pairs as the Origin of Supermassive Black Holes
• Cosmological Hydrodynamics with Multi-Species Chemistry and Nonequilibrium Ionization and Cooling
• Ubiquitous seeding of supermassive black holes by direct collapse
• Black hole masses and enrichment of z ~ 6 SDSS quasars
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Photodissociation of H2 in Protogalaxies: Modeling Self-Shielding in 3D Simulations
• Resolving the Formation of Protogalaxies. II. Central Gravitational Collapse
• C^2-Ray: A new method for photon-conserving transport of ionizing radiation
• Enzo+Moray: Radiation Hydrodynamics Adaptive Mesh Refinement Simulations with Adaptive Ray Tracing
• The aftermath of the first stars: massive black holes
• The HII Region of a Primordial Star
• Feedback-regulated Super Massive Black Hole Seed Formation
• Pregalactic Black Hole Formation with an Atomic Hydrogen Equation of State
• Accretion onto Black Holes from Large Scales Regulated by Radiative Feedback. II. Growth Rate and Duty Cycle
• Unravelling obese black holes in the first galaxies
• Supermassive black hole formation by the cold accretion shocks in the first galaxies
• A UV flux constraint on the formation of direct collapse black holes
• The Direct Collapse of a Massive Black Hole Seed Under the Influence of an Anisotropic Lyman-Werner Source
• Galaxy Formation with Self-consistently Modeled Stars and Massive Black Holes. I: Feedback-regulated Star Formation and Black Hole Growth
• The Accretion Disc Particle Method for Simulations of Black Hole Feeding and Feedback
• Early Cosmic Formation of Massive Black Holes
• A No-Go Theorem for Direct Collapse Black Holes Without a Strong Ultraviolet Background
• The formation of massive primordial stars in the presence of moderate UV backgrounds
• The Structure and Dynamics of an AGN Torus: CO Line Predictions for ALMA from 3D Hydrodynamical Simulations with X-ray Driven Chemistry
• The Response of Metal Rich Gas to X-Ray Irradiation from a Massive Black Hole at High Redshift: Proof of Concept

Cited by in corpus (33)

• Blossoms from black hole seeds: properties and early growth regulated by supernova feedback
• Galaxy Properties and UV Escape Fractions During Epoch of Reionization: Results from the Renaissance Simulations
• Titans of the Early Universe: The Prato Statement on the Origin of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Off the Beaten Path: A New Approach to Realistically Model The Orbital Decay of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxy Formation Simulations
• Unveiling the first black holes with JWST: multi-wavelength spectral predictions
• Transition of the initial mass function in the metal-poor environments
• Turbulent Cold Flows Gave Birth to the First Quasars
• On the formation of the first quasars
• Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the First Quasars
• Early growth of typical high redshift black holes seeded by direct collapse
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters via gas accretion and runaway collisions
• On the Evolution of Supermassive Primordial Stars in Cosmological Flows
• Bulge-driven Fueling of Seed Black Holes
• The Collapse of Atomically-Cooled Primordial Haloes. I. High Lyman-Werner Backgrounds
• Observational signatures of massive black hole formation in the early universe
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• Ab Initio Cosmological Simulations of CR7 as an Active Black Hole
• High-redshift Galaxy Formation with Self-consistently Modeled Stars and Massive Black Holes: Stellar Feedback and Quasar Growth
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• Metallicity evolution of direct collapse black hole hosts: CR7 as a case study
• Inception of a first quasar at cosmic dawn
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• The Consequences of Gamma-ray Burst Jet Opening Angle Evolution on the Inferred Star Formation Rate
• Triggering the formation of direct collapse black holes by their congeners
• Extreme Primordial Star Formation Enabled by High Redshift Quasars
• Induced metal-free star formation around a massive black hole seed
• The evolution of high-redshift massive black holes
• Biconical-dominated Accretion Flow onto Seed Black Holes in a Hyper-accretion Regime