From Dark Matter Minihalos to Large-Scale Radiative Feedback: A Self-Consistent 3D Simulation of the First Stars and Galaxies using Neural Networks

Abstract

A key obstacle to accurate models of the first stars and galaxies is the vast range of distance scales that must be considered. While star formation occurs on sub-parsec scales within dark matter (DM) minihalos, it is influenced by large-scale baryon-dark matter streaming velocities ($v_{\mathrm{bc}}$) and Lyman-Werner (LW) radiative feedback which vary significantly on scales of $\sim$100 Mpc. We present a novel approach to this issue in which we utilize artificial neural networks (NNs) to emulate the Population III (PopIII) and Population II (PopII) star formation histories of many small-scale cells given by a more complex semi-analytic framework based on DM halo merger trees. Within each simulation cell, the NN takes a set of input parameters that depend on the surrounding large-scale environment, such as the cosmic overdensity, $\delta (\vec{x})$, and $v_{\mathrm{bc}}$ of the cell, then outputs the resulting star formation far more efficiently than is possible with the semi-analytic model. This rapid emulation allows us to self-consistently determine the LW background intensity on $\sim$100 Mpc scales, while simultaneously including the detailed merger histories (and corresponding star formation histories) of the low-mass minihalos that host the first stars. Comparing with the full semi-analytic framework utilizing DM halo merger trees, our NN emulators yield star formation histories with redshift-averaged errors of $\sim$7.3\% and $\sim$5.2\% for PopII and PopIII, respectively. When compared to a simpler sub-grid star formation prescription reliant on halo mass function integration, we find that the diversity of halo merger histories in our simulation leads to enhanced spatial fluctuations, an earlier transition from PopIII to PopII dominated star formation, and more scatter in star formation histories overall.

Submitted to JCAP -- 30 Pages -- 11 Figures

References in corpus (79)

• The Formation of the First Star in the Universe
• An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum
• 21-cm cosmology
• On the properties of massive Population III stars and metal-free stellar populations
• Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics
• 21cmFAST: A Fast, Semi-Numerical Simulation of the High-Redshift 21-cm Signal
• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)
• A population of red candidate massive galaxies ~600 Myr after the Big Bang
• One Hundred First Stars : Protostellar Evolution and the Final Masses
• Near-Field Cosmology with Metal-Poor Stars
• CEERS Key Paper I: An Early Look into the First 500 Myr of Galaxy Formation with JWST
• An Analytic Model for the Evolution of the Stellar, Gas, and Metal Content of Galaxies
• Relative velocity of dark matter and baryonic fluids and the formation of the first structures
• Two Remarkably Luminous Galaxy Candidates at $z\approx 10-12$ Revealed by JWST
• Reionization and the Cosmic Dawn with the Square Kilometre Array
• Unusually Large Fluctuations in the Statistics of Galaxy Formation at High Redshift
• Fast Automated Analysis of Strong Gravitational Lenses with Convolutional Neural Networks
• Ubiquitous seeding of supermassive black holes by direct collapse
• The Reionization History at High Redshifts I: Physical Models and New Constraints from CMB Polarization
• Population III star formation in a Lambda CDM universe, II: Effects of a photodissociating background
• Impact of the Relative Motion between the Dark Matter and Baryons on the First Stars
• The signature of the first stars in atomic hydrogen at redshift 20
• Design and characterization of the Large-Aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Age (LEDA) radiometer systems
• The Delay of Population III Star Formation by Supersonic Streaming Velocities
• The 21-cm signature of the first stars during the Lyman-Werner feedback era
• The First Population II Stars Formed in Externally Enriched Mini-halos
• The Inhomogeneous Background of Hydrogen-Molecule Dissociating Radiation during Cosmic Reionization
• The Inhomogeneous Background of H2 Dissociating Radiation During Cosmic Reionization
• Suppression and Spatial Variation of Early Galaxies and Minihalos
• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• Descendants of the first stars: the distinct chemical signature of second generation stars
• Reionization with galaxies and active galactic nuclei
• Detecting the Rise and Fall of the First Stars by Their Impact on Cosmic Reionization
• Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
• Constraining the primordial initial mass function with stellar archaeology
• Limits on Pop III star formation with the most iron-poor stars
• The impact of the supersonic baryon-dark matter velocity difference on the z~20 21cm background
• When did Population III star formation end?
• Was Star-Formation Suppressed in High-Redshift Minihalos?
• Seeing the First Supernovae at the Edge of the Universe with JWST
• The influence of streaming velocities and Lyman-Werner radiation on the formation of the first stars
• Cradles of the first stars: self-shielding, halo masses, and multiplicity
• Recovery from population III supernova explosions and the onset of second generation star formation
• A Minimalist Feedback-Regulated Model for Galaxy Formation During the Epoch of Reionization
• The rich complexity of 21-cm fluctuations produced by the first stars
• The critical dark matter halo mass for Population III star formation: dependence on Lyman-Werner radiation, baryon-dark matter streaming velocity, and redshift
• Complete history of the observable 21-cm signal from the first stars during the pre-reionization era
• Predicting the locations of possible long-lived low-mass first stars: Importance of satellite dwarf galaxies
• Robust Velocity-induced Acoustic Oscillations at Cosmic Dawn
• The Extended Starformation History of the First Generation of Stars, and the Reionization of Cosmic Hydrogen
• Limits on Population III star formation in minihaloes implied by Planck
• Tracing the first stars and galaxies of the Milky Way
• Public Release of A-SLOTH: Ancient Stars and Local Observables by Tracing Halos
• Self-consistent Semi-analytic Modeling of Feedback During Primordial Star Formation and Reionization
• An Introductory Review on Cosmic Reionization
• An Effective Model for the Cosmic-Dawn 21-cm Signal
• Chemical enrichment of Damped Lyman Alpha systems as a direct constraint on Population III star formation
• Low-mass star formation triggered by early supernova explosions
• Constraints on First-Light Ionizing Sources from Optical Depth of the Cosmic Microwave Background
• Starbursts in low-mass haloes at Cosmic Dawn. I. The critical halo mass for star formation
• Signatures of metal-free star formation in Planck 2015 Polarization Data
• Detection strategies for the first supernovae with JWST
• Looking for Population III stars with He II line intensity mapping
• The history of the dark and luminous side of Milky Way-like progenitors
• Population III Star Formation In Large Cosmological Simulations I. Halo Temporal and Physical Environment
• Machine Learning for Observational Cosmology
• A self-consistent semi-analytic model for Population III star formation in minihalos
• Cosmic Reionization May Still Have Started Early and Ended Late: Confronting Early Onset with CMB Anisotropy and 21 cm Global Signals
• A new reference catalogue for the very metal-poor Universe: +150 OB stars in Sextans A
• Shot noise and scatter in the star formation efficiency as a source of 21-cm fluctuations
• Long gamma-ray burst rate at very high redshift
• Probing Population III Initial Mass Functions with He II/H$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping
• Lyman-$\alpha$ feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
• Emulation of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Power Spectrum and Classification of Excess Radio Models Using an Artificial Neural Network
• A Global Semi-Analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies Including Dark Matter Halo Merger Histories
• Gamma-ray bursts from massive Population III stars: clues from the radio band
• Field-level Emulation of Cosmic Structure Formation with Cosmology and Redshift Dependence
• Evaluating the galaxy formation histories predicted by a neural network in pure dark matter simulations
• Optimised neural network predictions of galaxy formation histories using semi-stochastic corrections