How small were the first cosmological objects?

Abstract

The minimum mass that a virialized gas cloud must have in order to be able to cool in a Hubble time is computed, using a detailed treatment of the chemistry of molecular hydrogen. With a simple model for halo profiles, we reduce the problem to that of numerically integrating a system of chemical equations. The results agree well with numerically expensive 3D simulations, and our approach has the advantage of rapidly being able to explore large regions of parameter space. The minimum baryonic mass M_b is found to be strongly redshift dependent, dropping from 10^6 solar masses at z=15 to 5000 solar masses at z=100 as molecular cooling becomes effective. For z>>100, M_b rises again, as CMB photons inhibit H_2-formation through the H^- channel. Finally, for z>>200, the H_2^+ channel for H_2-formation becomes effective, driving M_b down towards 10^3 solar masses. With a standard CDM power spectrum with sigma_8=0.7, this implies that a fraction 10^{-3} of all baryons may have formed luminous objects by z=30, which could be sufficient to reheat the universe.

Minor modifications to match published version. Molecular cooling rates improved. 29 pages, with 6 figures included. Color figures and related work at http://www.sns.ias.edu/~max/minmass.html (faster from the US), from http://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/~max/minmass.html (faster from Europe) or from [email protected]

References in corpus (2)

• Cosmological Formation of Low-Mass Objects
• H_2 Cooling of Primordial Gas Triggered by UV Irradiation

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• Cosmological Impact of Population III Binaries
• The most massive Population III stars
• Chemical separation of primordial Li${}^{+}$ during structure formation caused by nanogauss magnetic field
• On the operation of the chemothermal instability in primordial star-forming clouds
• Modelling Population III stars for semi-numerical simulations
• EDGES result versus CMB and low-redshift constraints on ionization histories
• Implications of primordial black holes on the first stars and the origin of the super--massive black holes
• Lyman-$\alpha$ feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
• Evolution of Primordial Stars Powered by Dark Matter Annihilation up to the Main-Sequence Stage
• Neutrinos and Supermassive Stars: Prospects for Neutrino Emission and Detection
• Hydrogen Clouds before Reionization: a Lognormal Model Approach
• Supermassive Objects as Gamma-Ray Bursters
• Micro galaxies in LCDM
• Why Are There Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies?
• Emulation of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Power Spectrum and Classification of Excess Radio Models Using an Artificial Neural Network
• GRBs and fundamental physics
• Binary black hole mergers from Population III star clusters
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• Effect of Population III Multiplicity on Dark Star Formation
• Constraining warm dark matter mass with cosmic reionization and gravitational wave
• The impact and response of minihalos and the inter-halo medium on cosmic reionization
• Photoevaporation of Minihalos during Cosmic Reionization: Primordial and Metal-Enriched Halos
• Microlensing Halo Models with Abundant Brown Dwarfs
• Simulations of Hot Bubbles in the ICM
• The Impact of Molecular Hydrogen Cooling on the Galaxy Formation Threshold
• Towards ultra metal-poor DLAs: linking the chemistry of the most metal-poor DLA to the first stars
• Molecular hydrogen in the cosmic recombination epoch
• Minimum star-forming halo mass in axion cosmology
• Evolution of the First Supernovae in Protogalaxies: Dynamics of Mixing of Heavy Elements
• Radiative feedback for supermassive star formation in a massive cloud with H2 molecules in an atomic-cooling halo
• Impact of Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter on Gas Properties at Very High Redshift: A Semi-Analytical Model
• Stellar mass dependence of the 21-cm signal around the first star and its impact on the global signal
• The influence of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays on star formation in the early universe
• Radiative feedback from ionized gas
• Fragmentation in Population III Galaxies formed through Ionizing Radiation
• Probing delayed-end reionization histories with the 21cm-LAE cross-power spectrum
• The high-redshift tail of stellar reionization in LCDM is beyond the reach of the low-$\ell$ CMB
• Feedback Effects of First Supernovae on the Neighboring Dark Matter Halos
• From nuclei to atoms and molecules: the chemical history of the early Universe
• The role of 3-body H${}_2$ formation in the fragmentation of primordial gas
• Jetted Tidal Disruptions of Stars as a Flag of Intermediate Mass Black Holes at High Redshifts
• If dark matter is fuzzy, the first stars form in massive pancakes
• Dark Matter annihilation energy output and its effects on the high-z IGM
• Effect of interstellar objects on metallicity of low-mass first stars formed in a cosmological model
• Primordial protostars accreting beyond the $\Omega \Gamma$-limit: radiation effect around the star-disk boundary
• Constraining the Minimum Luminosity of High Redshift Galaxies through Gravitational Lensing
• Gravitational Lensing Effects on High Redshift Type II Supernova Studies with NGST
• Feeding plankton to whales: high-redshift supermassive black holes from tiny black hole explosions
• Detecting sterile dark matter in space
• r-Process enrichment in the Galactic halo characterized by nucleosynthesis variation in the ejecta of coalescing neutron star binaries
• MCG+00-32-16: An Irregular Galaxy Close to the Lowest Redshift Absorber on the 3C 273 Line of Sight
• Shape and Spin of Minihaloes. II: The Effect of Streaming Velocities
• Formation and Radiative Feedback of First Objects and First Galaxies
• Amplification and saturation of turbulent magnetic field in collapsing primordial gas clouds
• The EDGES measurement disfavors an excess radio background during the cosmic dawn
• Relaxation leptogenesis, isocurvature perturbations, and the cosmic infrared background
• Evolution of Rotating 25 M${}_{\odot }$ Population III star: Physical Properties and Resulting Supernovae
• Formation of mini-galaxies in defunct cosmological HII regions
• Probing Dark Relativistic Species and Their Interactions with Dark Matter through CMB and 21cm surveys
• On the population of primordial star clusters in the presence of UV background radiation
• Extremely Metal-Poor Stars and a Hierarchical Chemical Evolution Model
• Some First Stars Were Red: Detecting Signatures of Massive Population III Formation Through Long-Term Stochastic Color Variations
• First Star Formation in the Presence of Primordial Magnetic Fields
• Classifying binary black holes from Population III stars with the Einstein Telescope: A machine-learning approach
• Fragmentation of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• Turbulent Compressibilty of Protogalactic Gas
• HD molecule and search for early structure-formation signatures in the Universe
• WMAP Polarization Results
• Does the chemothermal instability have any role in the fragmentation of primordial gas
• Cosmic Reionization and the First Nonlinear Structures in the Universe
• Discrimination of heavy elements originating from Pop III stars in z = 3 intergalactic medium
• J1342+0928 Supports the Timeline in the R_h=ct Cosmology
• `First Light' in the Universe; What Ended the "Dark Age"?
• On the effects of rotation in primordial star-forming clouds
• Searching for the earliest galaxies in the 21 cm forest
• Constraining the non-gravitational scattering of baryons and dark matter with early cosmic structure formation
• Biparametric Adaptive Filter: detection of compact sources in complex microwave backgrounds
• Detectability of Supermassive Dark Stars with the Roman Space Telescope
• Impact of cosmic rays on the global 21-cm signal during cosmic dawn
• Aeos: Transport of Metals from Minihalos following Population III Stellar Feedback
• Saturation level of turbulence in collapsing gas clouds
• The Luminosity of Population III Star Clusters
• Plasma Suppression of Large Scale Structure Formation in the Universe
• Joint 21-cm and CMB Forecasts for Constraining Self-Interacting Massive Neutrinos
• Let there be Light: the Emergence of Structure out of the Dark Ages in the Early Universe
• Contribution of HD molecules in cooling of the primordial gas
• Contribution of the first galaxies to the cosmic far-infrared/sub-millimeter background - I. Mean background level
• Radio recombination lines from obscured quasars with the SKA
• A Modified Initial Mass Function of the First Stars with Explodability Theory under Different Enrichment Scenarios
• Hungry or Not: How Stellar-Mass Black Holes Grow (or Don't) in Dark Matter Mini-Haloes at High-Resolution
• The Minimum Stellar Mass in Early Galaxies
• The 21cm Signature of Early Relic \HII Regions
• Reionization in the Light of Dark Stars
• Reionization and Structure Formation with ARCADE
• Population III.1 stars: formation, feedback and evolution of the IMF
• Over-cooled haloes at z > 10: a route to form low-mass first stars
• Effects of a burst of formation of first-generation stars on the evolution of galaxies
• Open questions in the study of population III star formation
• Fast and accurate parameter estimation of high-redshift sources with the Einstein Telescope
• Nature of Dark Energy and Polarization Measurements
• Collapse of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• The effect of different eLISA-like configurations on massive black hole parameter estimation
• Merger Conditions of Population III Protostar Binaries
• The near-infrared radiation background, gravitational wave background and star formation rate of Pop III and Pop II during cosmic reionization
• The Chemistry of the Early Universe
• First Stars. I. Evolution without mass loss
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Metal Enrichment and Reionization Constraints on Early Star Formation
• Observational Manifestations of the First Protogalaxies in the 21 cm Line
• Negative feedback effects on star formation history and cosmic reionization
• Kickstarting Reionization with the First Black Holes: the effects of second-order perturbation theory in pre-reionization volumes
• Sterile dark matter and reionization
• The Hydrogen Mixing Portal, Its Origins, and Its Cosmological Effects
• Supernovae at the cosmic dawn
• Formation of globular clusters induced by external ultraviolet radiation II: Three-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations
• Angular momentum distribution during the collapse of primordial star-forming clouds
• Negative intensity patches in angular variations of CMB as a probe of the period of reionization
• Instabilities in the Ionization Zones Around the First Stars
• Redshift Horizon for Detecting the First Galaxies in Far-Infared Surveys
• Zero Metallicity with Zero CPU Hours: Masses of the First Stars on the Laptop
• Signatures of particle decay in 21 cm absorptions from first minihalos
• Searching for Low-mass Population III Stars Disguised as White Dwarfs
• Astrophysical uncertainties challenge 21-cm forecasts: A primordial black hole case study
• Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• The Effects of Dark Matter Annihilation and Dark Matter-Baryon Velocity Offsets at Cosmic Dawn
• The mass-function of primordial star clusters
• Low-temperature primordial gas in merging halos
• Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter
• Survival of Gas in Subhalos and Its Impact on the 21 cm Forest Signals: Insights from Hydrodynamic Simulations
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Implications of the cosmic infrared background excess for the cosmic star formation
• Observing the influence of growing black holes on the pre-reionization IGM
• The First Stars
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: I. Critical Halo Mass of Formation and Total Mass in Stars
• The Lowest Metallicity Stars in the LMC: Clues from MaGICC Simulations
• Black Hole - Neutron Star and Binary Neutron Star Mergers from Population III and II stars
• Combined lensed estimator to probe the post reionization H I power spectrum
• The first stars
• Imprints of fermionic and bosonic mixed dark matter on the 21-cm signal at cosmic dawn
• 21 cm Cosmology Sensitivity to Small-Scale Structure: Warm vs Neutrino-Interacting Dark Matter
• On the Habitability of Our Universe
• Carbon measurements in two ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: Grus II and Tucana IV
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• Formation and early evolution of massive black holes
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• The Challenges in Gravitational Wave Astronomy for Space-Based Detectors
• Self-gravitating isothermal sphere in an expanding background
• Stimulated Radiative Molecular Association in the Early Solar System: Orbital Radii of Satellites of Uranus, Jupiter, Neptune, and Saturn